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| Rolling_in_the_Deep-Music_video | 1 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Rolling in the Deep<br/>Section: Music video<br/><br/>1. <strike>The music video for 'Rolling in the Deep,' directed by Sam Brown, premiered on Channel 4 on 3 December 2010.The video begins in an abandoned house, where Adele is sitting in a chair singing.</strike><br/>2. During the video, the scenes show hundreds of glasses filled with water that vibrate to the beat of a drum, a mysterious person (played by Jennifer White, who also choreographed the sequence) dancing in a room with white flour and dust, the drummer playing the drums behind the stairs, china being thrown and breaking on the wall in front of the staircase, and a white model of a city which is set on fire by five bursting light bulbs at the end of the song.On 20 July 2011, the music video was nominated for seven MTV Video Music Awards, including Video of the Year, Best Female Video, Best Pop Video and Best Direction, and won three for Best Editing, Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction.<br/>3. The video won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video on 12 February 2012.<br/> |
| Gangnam_Style-Production | 11 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Gangnam Style<br/>Section: Production<br/><br/>1. The music video is directed by Cho Soo-hyun, who also directed the MV for Psy's follow-up single 'Gentleman' and the MV for 'This Love' by Shinhwa.<br/>2. It shows Psy performing a comical horse-riding dance and appearing in unexpected locations around the Gangnam District, such as an outdoor yoga session and a hot tub.<br/>3. He wears several distinctive suits and black sunglasses with a mindset of 'dress classy and dance cheesy'.<br/>4. It features a 'skewering the Gangnam image' by the 'non-Gangnam Psy'; this parody would be recognizable to viewers familiar with Korean culture.<br/>5. Although there are more than ten different locations featured, only two of the scenes are actually filmed in the Gangnam district.<br/>6. The sauna scene, elevator scene and bathroom scene were filmed elsewhere in the greater Seoul region, and some shots were filmed in World Trade Center Seoul and the Songdo International Business District, which includes Songdo Central Park and International Business District Station.<br/>7. The video was shot over 48 hours in July 2012.In K-pop, it is routine to have cameos by celebrities in a music video, such as in the dance scenes in the elevator and the parking garage.<br/>8. The guests in the music video include:<br/>9. • 4Minute member Hyuna, who dances in the subway car and attracts Psy's attention.<br/>10. • Big Bang members Daesung and Seungri, who play two old men playing a board game in the park; they dive from the park bench after the explosion.<br/>11. • <strike> Hwang Min-woo, a 7-year-old boy who dances at the beginning of the video.</strike><br/>12. During an interview with CNN, Psy stated that 'the night before the music video shoot, I was watching 'Korea's Got Talent' and saw him dance to Michael Jackson.<br/>13. His moves were ridiculous.<br/>14. So we called him up and asked him to be in the music video, which was shooting the very next day, and he came and it all worked out.'<br/>15. He has been praised for his eye-catching dance moves that have received a lot of attention from viewers.<br/>16. • Comedian/television personality Korea's Nation emcee Yoo Jae-suk, who engages in a dance duel with Psy.<br/>17. • Comedian/television personality Noh Hongchul, who does his trademark pelvis-thrusting dance in an elevator while Psy raps underneath him.<br/><br/>18. The music was composed by Psy and Yoo Gun-hyung, a producer in South Korea who has also collaborated with Psy in the past.</br>19. Yoo also arranged the song while Psy was responsible for the lyrics. <br/> |
| Let_It_Be-Recording_sessions | 5 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Let It Be<br/>Section: Recording sessions<br/><br/>1. A week later the band agreed to Harrison's terms for returning to the group, which included abandoning the cold and cavernous soundstage at Twickenham.<br/>2. Sessions resumed on 22 January when the Beatles moved to Apple Studios.<br/>3. Multi-track recording began on that date and continued until 31 January.<br/>4. Harrison brought in keyboardist Billy Preston to ease tensions and supplement the band for the live performances.<br/>5. <strike>Preston worked with the Beatles throughout their stay at Apple Studios.The live concert idea culminated with the Beatles and Preston performing on 30 January on the rooftop of the Beatles' Apple Building at 3 Savile Row before a small audience of friends and employees.</strike><br/>6. The performance was cut short by the police after complaints about noise.<br/>7. The complete concert has circulated among bootleg collectors for many years.<br/>8. Three numbers recorded at the rooftop concert,'Dig a Pony','I've Got a Feeling' and 'One After 909', do appear on the album, while several spoken parts of the concert appear between tracks that were recorded in studio.The band played hundreds of songs during the 'Get Back'/'Let It Be' sessions.<br/>9. Aside from original songs ultimately released on the 'Let It Be' album, there were early versions of many songs that appeared on 'Abbey Road', including 'Mean Mr. Mustard','She Came in Through the Bathroom Window','Sun King','Polythene Pam','Golden Slumbers','Carry That Weight','Something','Maxwell's Silver Hammer','Oh!<br/>10. Darling','Octopus's Garden', and 'I Want You (She's So Heavy)'.<br/>11. Still others would eventually end up on Beatles' solo albums, including Lennon's 'Jealous Guy' (called 'Child of Nature' at the time and originally written and rehearsed for the 'White Album') and 'Gimme Some Truth', Harrison's 'All Things Must Pass','Isn't It a Pity','Let It Down' and 'Hear Me Lord', and McCartney's 'Another Day','Teddy Boy','Junk' (originally written for the 'White Album') and 'The Back Seat of My Car'.<br/>12. Much of the band's attention was focused on a broad range of covers, extended jams on 12-bar blues, and occasional new efforts such as Lennon's uncompleted 'Madman'.<br/>13. These included classical pieces such as Samuel Barber's 'Adagio for Strings', jazz standards such as 'Ain't She Sweet', and an encyclopaedic array of songs from the early rock and roll era such as 'Stand By Me','Words of Love','Lonely Sea','Bésame Mucho' by Mexican composer Consuelo Velázquez (a song that was part of The Beatles' repertoire in the early days) and 'Blue Suede Shoes'.<br/>14. Multiple Bob Dylan songs were also played, including 'Positively 4th Street','All Along the Watchtower' and 'I Shall Be Released'.<br/>15. Only a handful of these were complete performances; the vast majority were fragmentary renditions with at most a verse or two of misremembered lyrics.<br/>16. The rehearsals and recording sessions were filmed and formed the basis of the Beatles' film of the same name.Two songs appearing on the album were not recorded during the Apple Studios sessions.<br/>17. 'Across the Universe' had been recorded at EMI Studios in February 1968, and 'I Me Mine' was not recorded until January 1970 after John Lennon's unannounced departure from the group.<br/> |
| Hey_Jude-Cover_versions | 4 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Hey Jude<br/>Section: Cover versions<br/><br/>1. <br/>2. 'Weird Al' Yankovic included the song in his first polka medley 'Polkas on 45' from his 1984 album 'Weird Al' Yankovic in 3-D'.<br/>3. Katy Perry performed a cover of the song as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honoring McCartney, and in her 2012 film '.<br/>4. <strike>The song was performed by the members of glee club in the 2013 'Glee' episode 'Tina in the Sky with Diamonds' and the soundtrack 'Glee Sings the Beatles', in which the song is shortened to four minutes and fifty-one seconds.</strike><br/>5. In the late 1960s, famous singer Sinn Sisamouth recorded a Cambodian version of 'Hey Jude'.South African band Dr Victor and the Rasta Rebels included a version on their greatest hits album.<br/>6. Wilson Pickett covered the song in 1968 with pre-Allman Brothers Band session musician Duane Allman on guitar.In the 2011 'Top Gear' the song was covered by the 'Top Gear band' - consisting of presenters Jeremy Clarkson (drums), Richard Hammond (double bass) and James May (keyboard) as well as executive producer Andy Wilman (vocals) - during a trade fair in Delhi.<br/>7. For rights reasons, in the DVD version of the episode it is replaced by 'Sowing the Seeds of Love' by Tears for Fears.<br/> |
| I_Want_to_Hold_Your_Hand-Personnel | 4 | Category: Music<br/>Title: I Want to Hold Your Hand<br/>Section: Personnel<br/><br/>1. • John Lennon – vocal, rhythm guitar, handclaps<br/>2. • Paul McCartney – vocal, bass guitar, handclaps<br/>3. • George Harrison – lead guitar, handclaps<br/>4. • <strike>Ringo Starr – drums, handclaps</strike><br/>5. • Personnel per Ian MacDonald<br/> |
| Every_Breath_You_Take-Abstract | 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Every Breath You Take<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. <strike>'Every Breath You Take' is a song by The Police on the band's 1983 album 'Synchronicity', written by Sting.</strike><br/>2. <strike>The single entered the charts at position 36 on 4 June 1983.</strike><br/>3. <strike>The single was one of the biggest hits of 1983, topping the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart for eight weeks and the UK Singles Chart for four weeks.</strike><br/>4. <strike>It also topped the 'Billboard' Top Tracks chart for nine weeks.At the 26th Annual Grammy Awards the song was nominated for three Grammy Awards including Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.</strike><br/>5. Sting won Song of the Year while The Police won Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals; however, it did not win Record of the Year.<br/>6. The song ranked No.<br/>7. <strike>84 on the 'Rolling Stone' list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time the highest position of any new wave rock song.</strike><br/>8. It also ranked No.<br/>9. <strike>25 on 'Billboard's Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs.</strike><br/>10. <strike>The song is considered to be The Police's signature song, and in 2010 was estimated to generate between a quarter and a third of Sting's music publishing income.In the USA, Every Breath You Take was the best-selling single of 1983 and fifth best-selling single of the decade.</strike><br/> |
| Free_Bird-In_popular_culture | 5 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Free Bird<br/>Section: In popular culture<br/><br/>1. The song is included on the rhythm game 'Rock Band 3' as the hardest song for Guitar and one of the hardest songs for Band.<br/>2. It was previously featured as the final song of 'Guitar Hero II' and again in '.<br/>3. It is also featured in ' on the radio station K-DST.An all-star band performed the song to conclude the final episode of 'The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien'.<br/>4. Will Ferrell sang lead vocals, backed by Beck, ZZ Top's Billy Gibbons, Ben Harper, and O'Brien himself on guitar, drummer Max Weinberg and the rest of the shows house band.<br/>5. <strike>Ferrell also played Cowbell.</strike><br/>6. Some commentators found the lyrics especially resonant due to Conan's decision to leave the show rather than allow it to be aired in a later time slot.The song is featured in the movie 'Forrest Gump', in the scene where Jenny contemplates suicide, and in the climax of the movie 'Duets', before Reggie sacrifices his life.<br/>7. It is also prominently featured in the finale of Rob Zombie's second film,'The Devil's Rejects' and in the film 'Cars'.The song is played by a band called Ruckus (mainly members of My Morning Jacket) in the movie 'Elizabethtown'.The song is featured in 'That 70's Show' Season 1 Episode 19 'Prom Night','Freaks and Geeks' episode 12: 'The Garage Door', and'Six Feet Under' Season 2 Episode 8 'It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year'The song is played throughout My Name is Earl Season 2 Episode 20 'Two Balls, Two Strikes'The song is referenced in The Band Perry's song 'Double Heart' off of their self-titled debut album.Pop group 'Will to Power' included the song on their 1988 hit,'Baby, I Love Your Way/Freebird Medley' which went to #1 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart.The song is used in the 'King of the Hill' episode 'Tankin' It to the Streets,' when a distraught, inebriated Bill steals an Army tank.<br/>8. He sings part of the song while in the tank, moments before Hank, Dale, and Boomhauer go into the tank to talk him into taking the tank back to the army base.<br/>9. He also hums the same part at the end.The song is referenced in the 'Gilmore Girls' episode 'A Deep-Fried Korean Thanksgiving', season 3 episode 9.<br/>10. Lorelai suggests the song to the piano player at her parents' Thanksgiving party.A segment of the Blue Man Group theatrical show requires a member of the audience to shout out for a request of this song.<br/> |
| Counting_Stars-Music_video | 1 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Counting Stars<br/>Section: Music video<br/><br/>1. <strike>The music video was filmed on May 10, 2013, in New Orleans, Louisiana, and premiered on May 31, 2013.</strike><br/>2. The video features the band performing the song in a gloomy basement surrounded by hanging light bulbs – which is interspersed with scenes of several people in a Christian revival service.<br/>3. At the end of the video, one of the people in the service falls through the floor, coming through the ceiling of the room the band is performing in.<br/>4. The video also shows clips of an alligator crawling through the basement.<br/> |
| How_to_Save_a_Life-Personnel | 1 | Category: Music<br/>Title: How to Save a Life<br/>Section: Personnel<br/><br/>1. • <strike>Isaac Slade - lead vocals, piano</strike><br/>2. • Joe King - guitars, bass, backing vocals<br/>3. • Dave Welsh - guitars<br/>4. • Ben Wysocki - drums, percussion<br/> |
| Wake_Me_Up_When_September_Ends-Abstract | 2 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Wake Me Up When September Ends<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. 'Wake Me Up When September Ends' is a song by American rock band Green Day.<br/>2. <strike>It was released in June 2005 as the fourth single from their seventh album,'American Idiot'.The song deals with the death of lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong's father, who died when Armstrong was a child.The single peaked at number six in the United States, becoming Green Day's third Top 10 single.</strike><br/>3. It also peaked at #8 in Canada and the UK, while making #13 in Australia.<br/>4. 'Wake Me Up When September Ends' had sold 1,652,000 copies as of May 2010, and was the second highest selling single in the U.S. from 'American Idiot', behind only the multi-platinum 'Boulevard of Broken Dreams'.<br/>5. The song ended the streak of Green Day's three consecutive #1 hits on the Modern Rock Tracks chart (American Idiot, Boulevard of Broken Dreams and Holiday), but it hit #2 on the chart almost hitting #1 by Gorillaz Feel Good Inc..<br/>6. The song also hit #2 on the Adult Top 40 and #4 on the Mainstream Top 40.<br/>7. This was the band's most successful song to the adult contemporary market, hitting #13 on its own chart and their only song to chart other than 'Boulevard of Broken Dreams'.<br/>8. The song is certified Silver in the United Kingdom for sales of 200,000 <br/> |
| Chasing_Cars-Abstract | 10 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Chasing Cars<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. 'Chasing Cars' is the second single from Snow Patrol's fourth album,'Eyes Open.'<br/>2. It was recorded in 2005 and released on 6 June 2006 in the US and 24 July 2006 in the UK as the album's second single.<br/>3. The song gained significant popularity in the US after being featured in the second season finale of the popular medical drama 'Grey's Anatomy.<br/>4. 'It became notable as one of the songs that revealed the impact of legal downloads on single sales in the UK, selling consistently for years after its release.<br/>5. The song is Snow Patrol's biggest-selling single to date, ending 2006 as the UK's 14th best-selling single of the year and that year had the distinction of being the last song performed live on the BBC's 'Top of the Pops'.<br/>6. In 2007, on the strength of downloads, it was the UK's 34th best-selling single of 2007.<br/>7. The song peaked at number 6 in the UK Singles Chart, and number 5 on the US 'Billboard' Hot 100.At the 2007 Grammy Awards,'Chasing Cars' was nominated for Best Rock Song, and at the 2007 Brit Awards, the song was nominated for Best British Single.<br/>8. In 2009, the PPL announced 'Chasing Cars' was the most widely played song of the decade in the UK.<br/>9. As of 26 August 2013, the song has spent 111 weeks on the official UK Top 75 Singles Chart and 154 on the Top 100 and has sold over 1,000,000 copies in the UK by October 2013.<br/>10. <strike>It also sold 3,131,000 copies in the US by November 2011, making it one of the top 10 best-selling songs by a British artist in the digital era.</strike><br/>11. In a 2009 Channel 4 poll it was voted the number one 'song of the noughties'.<br/> |
| I_Believe_I_Can_Fly-In_film_and_television | 10 | Category: Music<br/>Title: I Believe I Can Fly<br/>Section: In film and television<br/><br/>1. Other than appearing on the soundtrack for the film 'Space Jam','I Believe I Can Fly' was performed by the school band in the movie 'Drumline' during the high school graduation ceremony of Devon Miles (Nick Cannon).<br/>2. • In ', Crash the possum sings the song before he crashes into a tree.<br/>3. • In the film 'Good Boy!<br/>4. ', Wilson briefly sings the song while diving into a pool.<br/>5. • In 'Fun with Dick and Jane', Jim Carrey sings along with the song as it is played in an elevator.<br/>6. • This song also appeared on the first American season of 'The X Factor', where R. Kelly performed 'I Believe I Can Fly' for the first time as a duet with the eventual winner of the show Melanie Amaro.<br/>7. • This song was also performed on 'The Voice' as the last solo song for the second season's winner Jermaine Paul.<br/>8. • American musical TV series 'Glee', performed a version of the song in episode fourteen of season three,'On My Way' (aired on February 21, 2012).<br/>9. It is a mash-up track with the song 'Fly' by Nicki Minaj featuring Rihanna.<br/>10. • <strike>In 'The Hangover Part III', Leslie Chow sings a 12-second portion of the song, while parachuting through Las Vegas.</strike><br/> |
| Viva_la_Vida-Sporting_usage | 6 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Viva la Vida<br/>Section: Sporting usage<br/><br/>1. During the 2008/2009 season, the German football club Hamburger SV used 'Viva la Vida' as their goal celebration song.The song also became the anthem of Spanish football club FC Barcelona during the 2008–09 season.<br/>2. It turned out to be a season of unprecedented success for the Spanish club in 2009, as they won all six competitions they could possible be involved in, which no football club has managed before in history.<br/>3. The song was selected by the manager of the club, Josep Guardiola – himself a Coldplay fan – to help motivate and encourage his team.<br/>4. It is often played at the Camp Nou before the start of a Barcelona match.<br/>5. The song was also played during Pep Guardiola's farewell before his final match coaching Barcelona at the Nou Camp, a 4–0 victory against Espanyol on 5 May 2012.The UEFA used 'Viva la Vida' as the goal celebration song for the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final and Europa League Final.The National Hockey League's New York Rangers play 'Viva la Vida' at Madison Square Garden after victories.The song was used by the Vancouver Canucks in a tribute video during Markus Näslund's number retirement ceremony held in Vancouver's Rogers Arena.<br/>6. <strike>It was also used in Game 7 of the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals when the Boston Bruins won the Stanley Cup on Vancouver Ice.The Kansas City Chiefs play the song at the end of home games in Arrowhead Stadium.</strike><br/>7. Additionally, it is also used by the Kansas City Royals to celebrate home runs and wins at Kauffman Stadium.This is the at-bat music of Scott Rolen, third baseman of the Cincinnati Reds.The song was also used pre match during every 2008 Rugby League World Cup game before the two teams took to the field.<br/> |
| Love_the_Way_You_Lie-Personnel | 4, 5 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Love the Way You Lie<br/>Section: Personnel<br/><br/>1. The credits for 'Love the Way You Lie' are adapted from the liner notes of 'Recovery'.<br/>2. • Eminem – mixing engineer, writer, vocalist<br/>3. • Rihanna – vocalist<br/>4. • <strike> Skylar Grey – writer</strike><br/>5. • <strike> Alex da Kid – mastering engineer, mixing engineer, producer, writer</strike><br/>6. • Mike Strange – mixing engineer, recording engineer<br/>7. • Marcos Tovar – recording engineer<br/>8. • Joe Strange – engineering assistant<br/>9. • Spike Lindsey – engineering assistant<br/>10. • Makeba Riddick – producer (vocals)<br/>11. • J. Brow – guitarist<br/> |
| All_I_Want_for_Christmas_Is_You-Critical_reception | 11 | Category: Music<br/>Title: All I Want for Christmas Is You<br/>Section: Critical reception<br/><br/>1. Reception.Critical reception.<br/>2. 'All I Want for Christmas Is You' was very well received by music critics.<br/>3. Parisien called the song 'well-crafted', complimenting its instrumentation and melody.<br/>4. Steve Morse, editor of 'The Boston Globe', wrote that Carey sang with a lot of soul.<br/>5. According to Barry Schwarz from Stylus Magazine,'to say this song is an instant classic somehow doesn't capture its amazingicity; it's a modern standard: joyous, exhilarating, loud, with even a hint of longing.'<br/>6. Schwartz praised the song's lyrics as well, describing them as 'beautifully phrased,' and calling Carey's voice 'gorgeous' and 'sincere.'<br/>7. Bill Lamb from About.com called it a 'contemporary classic.'<br/>8. Kyle Anderson from MTV labeled the track 'a majestic anthem full of chimes, sleigh bells, doo-wop flourishes, sweeping strings and one of the most dynamic and clean vocal performances of Carey's career'.<br/>9. While reviewing the 2009 remix version, Becky Bain from Idolator called the song a 'timeless classic' and wrote,'We love the original song to pieces—we blast it while decorating our Christmas tree and lighting our Menorah.'<br/>10. In his review for Carey's 'Merry Christmas II You', Thomas Connor from the 'Chicago Sun-Times' called the song 'a simple, well-crafted chestnut and one of the last great additions to the Christmas pop canon'.<br/>11. <strike>Shona Craven of Scotland's 'The Herald', said,'[it's] a song of optimism and joy that maybe, just maybe, hints at the real meaning of Christmas.'</strike><br/>12. Additionally, she felt the main reason it was so successful is the subject 'you' in the lyrics, explaining,'Perhaps what makes the song such a huge hit is the fact that it's for absolutely everyone.'<br/>13. Craven opened her review with a bold statement: 'Bing Crosby may well be turning in his grave, but no child of the 1980s will be surprised to see Mariah Carey's sublime All I Want For Christmas Is You bounding up the charts after being named the nation's top festive song.'<br/>14. In a 2006 retrospective look at Carey's career, Sasha Frere-Jones of 'The New Yorker' said, the 'charming' song was one of Carey's biggest accomplishments, calling it 'one of the few worthy modern additions to the holiday canon'.<br/>15. Dan Hancox, editor of 'The National', quoted and agreed with Jones' statement, calling the song 'perfection'.<br/>16. In 2010,'Rolling Stone' ranked 'All I Want for Christmas Is You' fourth on its Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs list, calling it a 'holiday standard.'<br/> |
| Jingle_Bell_Rock-In_popular_culture | 2 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Jingle Bell Rock<br/>Section: In popular culture<br/><br/>1. • It is the opening theme from the 1987 film 'Lethal Weapon'.<br/>2. • <strike> Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem performed the song in the 1987 Christmas television special 'A Muppet Family Christmas'.</strike><br/>3. • Helms' original recording is featured in the film 'Cookie' (1989).<br/>4. • The song was covered in 'The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!'<br/>5. episode 'Koopa Klaus' in 1989.<br/>6. • The song was featured in the 1992 film '.<br/>7. • 'Jingle Bell Rock' is an animated Christmas special first seen in 1995 on ABC, which was produced by DIC Entertainment and featured Milton Berle as one of the voice actors.<br/>8. • In the Christmas special for 'Sabrina, the Teenage Witch' in 1996, this song is performed when Sabrina and her aunts are looking for Salem, when he's kidnapped by a little boy.<br/>9. • In the 2004 Lindsay Lohan comedy 'Mean Girls', the song is performed by Cady Heron, Regina George, Gretchen Weiners and Karen Smith in their annual Christmas talent show.<br/>10. • It was used in the 2008 Christmas episode of 'Chuck'.<br/>11. • In a season 7 episode of 'Two and a Half Men', Alan and Evelyn sing the song, as Charlie Harper plays the piano.<br/>12. • In the fourth season Christmas episode of 'Glee', the song is performed by Chord Overstreet in character as Sam Evans.<br/>13. • The song was featured in the closing credits of 'Getaway' (2013).<br/>14. • The song is used in the ending of the 'How the Saints Save Christmas' downloadable content for 'Saints Row IV'.<br/> |
| Have_Yourself_a_Merry_Little_Christmas-'The_Victors' | 1 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas<br/>Section: 'The Victors'<br/><br/>1. <strike>Frank Sinatra's version was controversially used by director Carl Foreman in his 1963 anti-war film 'The Victors' as the soundtrack backdrop (along with the carol 'Hark!</strike><br/>2. The Herald Angels Sing') to the execution by firing squad of a G.I.<br/>3. deserter in a bleak, snowy field on Christmas Eve - a scene inspired by the real-life execution of Pvt.<br/>4. Eddie Slovik in 1945.<br/>5. The 'New York Times' film reviewer, while recognising the power of the scene, complained that 'the device itself is almost as specious and sentimental as what is trying to mock.'<br/> |
| The_Christmas_Song-Parodies | 1 | Category: Music<br/>Title: The Christmas Song<br/>Section: Parodies<br/><br/>1. • <strike>The title of 'The Simpsons' episode 'Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire' is a parody of the song.</strike><br/>2. • Bob Rivers parodied the song with his 2000 album, and the title track from said album,'Chipmunks Roasting On an Open Fire'.<br/>3. • Christy Darlington did a 'punk rock' style arrangement of the song for his 'All the wrong moves' album.<br/>4. • Stan Freberg's 'Green Chri$tma$' includes several snippets of holiday songs.<br/>5. One segment begins with a sincere-sounding 'Chestnuts roasting...' and quickly segués into a mock 1950s radio or TV ad, for a brand of chestnuts, being described as if they were toothpaste or cigarettes.<br/>6. • Ariana Grande and Elizabeth Gillies parodied the song in 2011.<br/>7. • Taylor Schlicht parodied the song in 2012.<br/> |
| Santa_Claus_Is_Coming_to_Town-Recordings | 1 | Category: Music<br/>Title: Santa Claus Is Coming to Town<br/>Section: Recordings<br/><br/>1. <strike>The earliest known recorded version of the song was by banjoist Harry Reser and his band on October 24, 1934 (Decca 264A) featuring Tom Stacks on vocal, the version shown in the Variety charts of December 1934.</strike><br/>2. The song was a sheet music hit, reaching #1.<br/>3. The song was also recorded on September 26, 1935, by Tommy Dorsey & His Orchestra.The song is a traditional standard at Christmas time, and has been covered by numerous recording artists.<br/>4. The 1951 version by Perry Como was the first measurable hit, and in 1963 the Four Seasons version charted at #23 on Billboard.<br/>5. In 1970 Rankin-Bass produced an hour-long animated television special based on the song, with narrator Fred Astaire telling the original story of Santa Claus.<br/>6. Many contemporary artists have recorded and performed various versions of the song, including a rock and roll version by Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band.<br/>7. The song was recorded in a 1975 live version and eventually released in 1985 as a B-side to 'My Hometown', a single from the 'Born in the U.S.A.' album.Luis Miguel recorded the song in Spanish as 'Santa Claus Llegó a La Ciudad' for his Christmas album 'Navidades' (2006).<br/>8. His version of the song peaked at #26 on the 'Billboard' Latin Pop Songs chart.Other well-known versions of this song include Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters (1943), Frank Sinatra (1948), the Ray Conniff Singers (1959), Alvin and the Chipmunks (1961), The Crystals (1963), The Beach Boys (1964), The Jackson 5 (1970), The Carpenters (1978), The Pointer Sisters (1987), Neil Diamond (1992), Mariah Carey (1994), George Strait (1996), Faith Hill (2008), Miley Cyrus (2008), Andrea Bocelli (2009), Love Händel from 'Phineas and Ferb' (2010), Justin Bieber (2011), Michael Bublé (2011), Mark Salling and Cory Monteith on 'Glee' (2011), Colbie Caillat (2012), Rod Stewart (2012) and Dannii Minogue (2013).<br/> |
| Prison_Break-Awards_and_nominations | 1 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: Prison Break<br/>Section: Awards and nominations<br/><br/>1. <strike>Following a successful airing of the series' first thirteen episodes,'Prison Break' was nominated for its first award, the 2005 People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Drama.</strike><br/>2. The series won the award in January 2006, beating other nominees in the same category,'Commander in Chief' and 'Criminal Minds'.<br/>3. In January 2006, the show had two nominations at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards, which were Best Drama Television Series and Best Actor in a Drama Television Series for Wentworth Miller's performance.<br/>4. The show's lead actor, Wentworth Miller, received another nomination for his performance in the first season at the 2005 Saturn Awards for Best Actor on Television.<br/>5. Likewise, the series was nominated for 2005 Saturn Award for Best Network Television Series.<br/>6. At the 2006 Television Critics Association Awards, the show was nominated for Best New Drama Series.<br/>7. Nominations for technical awards include the 2006 Eddie Award for Best Edited One-Hour Series for Commercial Television (Mark Helfrich for the pilot episode), and the 2006 Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music (Ramin Djawadi).<br/>8. In December 2006, Robert Knepper was nominated for the 2006 Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television.<br/> |
| Friends-Conception | 6, 11, 14 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: Friends<br/>Section: Conception<br/><br/>1. Production.Conception.David Crane and Marta Kauffman began developing three new television pilots that would premiere in 1994 after their sitcom 'Family Album' was cancelled by CBS in 1993.<br/>2. Kauffman and Crane decided to pitch the series about 'six people in their 20s making their way in Manhattan' to NBC, since they thought it would fit best there.<br/>3. Crane and Kauffman presented the idea to their production partner Kevin Bright, who had served as executive producer on their HBO series 'Dream On'.<br/>4. The idea for the series was conceived when Crane and Kauffman began thinking about the time when they had finished college and started living by themselves in New York; Kauffman believed they were looking at a time when the future was 'more of a question mark.'<br/>5. They found the concept to be interesting, as they believed 'everybody knows that feeling,' and because it was also how they felt about their own lives at the time.<br/>6. <strike>The team titled the series 'Insomnia Cafe', and pitched the idea as a seven-page treatment to NBC in December 1993.At the same time, Warren Littlefield, the then-president of NBC Entertainment, was seeking a comedy involving young people living together and sharing expenses.</strike><br/>7. Littlefield wanted the group to share memorable periods of their lives with friends, who had become 'new, surrogate family members'.<br/>8. However, Littlefield found difficulty in bringing the concept to life, and found the scripts developed by NBC to be terrible.<br/>9. When Kauffman, Crane and Bright pitched 'Insomnia Cafe', Littlefield was impressed that they knew who their characters were.<br/>10. NBC bought the idea as a put pilot, meaning they risked financial penalties if the pilot was not filmed.<br/>11. <strike>Kauffman and Crane began writing a pilot script for a show now titled 'Friends Like Us', which took three days to write.</strike><br/>12. Littlefield wanted the series to represent Generation X and explore a new kind of tribal bonding, but the trio did not share his vision.<br/>13. Crane argued that it was not a series for one generation, and wanted to produce a series that everyone would enjoy watching.<br/>14. <strike>NBC liked the pilot script and ordered the series under another title,'Six of One', mainly due to the similar title it shared with the ABC sitcom 'These Friends of Mine'.</strike><br/> |
| The_Big_Bang_Theory-DVD/Blu-ray_releases | 2 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: The Big Bang Theory<br/>Section: DVD/Blu-ray releases<br/><br/>1. • Despite the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth seasons receiving Blu-ray releases in conjunction with their DVD releases, the first and second seasons were only available on DVD upon their time of release.<br/>2. <strike>Warner Bros. has since released the first two seasons on Blu-ray/DVD combo packs with UltraViolet downloads on July 10, 2012.</strike><br/>3. All of the episodes from seasons 1 & 2 on Blu-ray received newly remastered surround-sound audio, with the first season sporting a never-before-seen gag reel, which was not included during the initial first season DVD release.<br/> |
| Teen_Wolf-Critical_response | 1 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: Teen Wolf<br/>Section: Critical response<br/><br/>1. <strike>Although the film was a modest hit for Atlantic Releasing Corporation, the film's critical reception was at best mixed.</strike><br/>2. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 47% of 19 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 4.8 out of 10.Vincent Canby of 'The New York Times' gave the film a negative review calling it 'aggressively boring'.<br/>3. He went on to say that 'the film is overacted by everybody except Mr. Fox, who is seen to far better advantage in 'Back to the Future'.'<br/> |
| Breaking_Bad-Spin-off | 3 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: Breaking Bad<br/>Section: Spin-off<br/><br/>1. In April 2013, it was revealed that AMC and Sony were interested in a spin-off series that would focus on Saul Goodman (Bob Odenkirk), with Gilligan and series writer Peter Gould developing the project.<br/>2. Gilligan had previously hinted at a possible spin-off series focused on Saul Goodman in July 2012.<br/>3. <strike>In September 2013, AMC and Sony Pictures Television officially ordered 'Better Call Saul' to series, and it will be a prequel.</strike><br/> |
| The_Vampire_Diaries-Series_overview | 1 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: The Vampire Diaries<br/>Section: Series overview<br/><br/>1. <strike>The series follows the life of Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev), a teenage girl who falls deeply in love with a 163-year-old vampire named Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley).</strike><br/>2. Their relationship becomes increasingly complicated as Stefan's vicious and malevolent older brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder) returns with a plan to wreak havoc on the town, seeking revenge against his younger brother for turning him into a vampire against his will.<br/>3. Both brothers begin to show affection towards Elena, mainly because of her resemblance to their past love Katherine Pierce.<br/>4. It is revealed that Elena is a descendant of Katherine, who eventually returns with plans against the trio.<br/>5. Elena undergoes many hardships and deaths of close family members and loved ones through her high school experience.The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia, a town charged with supernatural history since its settlement of migrants from New England in the late 19th century.<br/>6. Additional story lines revolve around the other inhabitants of the town, most notably Elena's younger brother Jeremy Gilbert (Steven R. McQueen), her best friends Bonnie Bennett (Katerina Graham) and Caroline Forbes (Candice Accola), and their mutual friends Tyler Lockwood (Michael Trevino) and Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig).<br/>7. The town's politics are orchestrated by descendants of the original founding families, all comprising a 'Founders' Council'.<br/>8. Some of the founding families of Mystic Falls include the Salvatores, the Gilberts, the Fells, the Forbes, and the Lockwoods.<br/>9. They guard the town mainly from vampires, although there are many more supernatural threats such as werewolves, witches, ghosts, Originals and hybrids.<br/> |
| Doctor_Who-Abstract | 3 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: Doctor Who<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC.<br/>2. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord—a time-travelling humanoid alien.<br/>3. <strike>He explores the universe in his TARDIS, a sentient time-travelling space ship.</strike><br/>4. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired.<br/>5. Along with a succession of companions, the Doctor faces a variety of foes while working to save civilisations, help ordinary people, and right wrongs.The show has received recognition as one of Britain's finest television programmes, winning the 2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005–2010) awards at the National Television Awards during Russell T Davies's tenure as executive producer.<br/>6. In 2011, Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor.<br/>7. In 2013, the Peabody Awards honoured 'Doctor Who' with an Institutional Peabody 'for evolving with technology and the times like nothing else in the known television universe.'<br/>8. The programme is listed in 'Guinness World Records' as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world, the 'most successful' science fiction series of all time—based on its over-all broadcast ratings, DVD and book sales, and iTunes traffic— and for the largest ever simulcast of a TV drama with its 50th anniversary special.<br/>9. During its original run, it was recognised for its imaginative stories, creative low-budget special effects, and pioneering use of electronic music (originally produced by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop).The show is a significant part of British popular culture,</ref> and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite.<br/>10. The show has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series.<br/>11. The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989.<br/>12. After an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot in the form of a television film, the programme was relaunched in 2005 by Russell T Davies who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival, produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff.<br/>13. The first series of the 21st century, featuring Christopher Eccleston in the title role, was produced by the BBC.<br/>14. Series two and three had some development money contributed by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), which was credited as a co-producer.<br/>15. 'Doctor Who' also spawned spin-offs in multiple media, including 'Torchwood' (2006–11) and 'The Sarah Jane Adventures' (2007–11), both created by Russell T Davies; 'K-9' (2009–10); and a single pilot episode of 'K-9 and Company' (1981).<br/>16. There also have been many spoofs and cultural references of the character in other media.Eleven actors have headlined the series as the Doctor.<br/>17. The transition from one actor to another, and the differing approach to the role that they bring, is written into the plot of the show as regeneration into a new incarnation, a life process of Time Lords through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality, which occurs after sustaining injury which would be fatal to most other species.<br/>18. While each actor's portrayal differs, they are all intended to be aspects of the same character, and form part of the same storyline.<br/>19. The time-travelling nature of the plot means that on occasion, story arcs have involved different Doctors meeting each other.<br/>20. The Doctor is currently portrayed by Peter Capaldi, who took on the role after Matt Smith's final appearance in the 2013 Christmas special 'The Time of the Doctor'.<br/> |
| Orange_Is_the_New_Black-Critical_reception | 4 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: Orange Is the New Black<br/>Section: Critical reception<br/><br/>1. <br/>2. 'Orange Is the New Black' has received positive reviews from critics.<br/>3. For Season 1, Metacritic gives a score of 79/100 based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews.<br/>4. <strike>Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 89%, with an average rating of 8.4/10 based on 37 reviews.</strike><br/>5. The site's consensus is 'Orange Is the New Black' is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft, with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure.<br/>6. 'Hank Steuver, television critic for 'The Washington Post', gave 'Orange Is the New Black' a perfect score.<br/>7. In his review of the series, he stated: 'In Jenji Kohan's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series,'Orange Is the New Black', prison is still the pits.<br/>8. But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories, all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat'.<br/>9. David Wiegand, of the 'San Francisco Chronicle', said that 'In every case, there is an abiding feeling for character and authenticity that helps elevate 'Orange Is the New Black' to a new definition of television excellence'.<br/>10. Matt Roush, of 'TV Guide', said: 'Netflix finally achieves its eureka moment with a terrifically entertaining piece of original programming that's truly and bracingly original.'<br/>11. Maureen Ryan, of 'The Huffington Post', wrote: 'Orange' is one of the best new programs of the year, and the six episodes I've seen have left me hungry to see more.'<br/> |
| Pretty_Little_Liars-Overview | 2 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: Pretty Little Liars<br/>Section: Overview<br/><br/>1. The series is loosely divided into three arcs of four to five books each, chronicling the introduction and reveal of each 'A'.<br/>2. <strike>The series follows the lives of four teenage girls — whose names are mentioned above (nicknamed 'the Pretty Little Liars' or simply 'the Liars') — whose clique falls apart after the disappearance of their best friend, Alison DiLaurentis.</strike><br/>3. Three years after her disappearance, they begin receiving text messages from an anonymous source,'A,' who threatens to expose their secrets; including long-hidden ones they thought only their close friend Alison knew.<br/>4. But shortly after the messages begin, Alison's body is discovered.<br/>5. The books progress with the four girls trying to figure out the identity of 'A'.<br/> |
| Nurse_Jackie-Development_and_production | 11 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: Nurse Jackie<br/>Section: Development and production<br/><br/>1. <br/>2. 'Nurse Jackie' was created by Liz Brixius, Linda Wallem, and Evan Dunsky with Brixius and Wallem serving as showrunners for the series and sharing executive producer duties with Caryn Mandabach and John Melfi.<br/>3. Showtime ordered an initial 12 episodes.<br/>4. Before the premiere, Brixius told the New York 'Daily News' that 'Guys' stories tend to be about conquests – getting the job, winning the Olympics, whatever.<br/>5. Women stories aren't as immediately climactic so they need to play out over the course of three months ... And every medical show out there has been about doctors.<br/>6. Doctors are absolutely unable to do what they have to do without nurses.<br/>7. We want to tell those stories.<br/>8. 'The June 8, 2009 series premiere was Showtime's most-successful ever, with 1 million viewers for the premiere and over 350,000 for the repeat broadcast.<br/>9. Showtime immediately picked up the series for a second season.<br/>10. Season Three premiered on Showtime on March 28, 2011.<br/>11. <strike>On May 23, 2011, Showtime ordered a fourth season of Nurse Jackie.</strike><br/>12. A fifth season was ordered on May 31, 2012, and production began in late 2012.<br/>13. The season 4 finale aired on June 17, 2012 Season 5 premiered on April 14, 2013.On June 6, 2013, Showtime renewed Nurse Jackie for a sixth season to air on April 13, 2014.On March 31, 2014, Showtime renewed Nurse Jackie for a seventh season to air in 2015. <br/> |
| The_Office-Abstract | 1 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: The Office<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. <strike>The Office is a popular mockumentary/cringe comedy sitcom that was first made in the United Kingdom and has now been remade in many other countries, with overall viewership in the hundreds of millions worldwide.</strike><br/>2. The original UK version was created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant.<br/>3. It starred Gervais as the boss and main character.<br/>4. First broadcast on BBC Two on 9 July 2001, the show ran for 14 episodes – two series of six episodes and a two-part Christmas special.<br/>5. The longest running version is the U.S. version which ran for 9 seasons from 2005 to 2013.<br/>6. The German version is also still in production and has seen 46 episodes over five seasons.<br/>7. At least the UK and US versions share the same fictional universe.In 2010, Gervais announced that work was starting on a Chinese version of 'The Office'.<br/> |
| Parks_and_Recreation-Season_4 | 8 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: Parks and Recreation<br/>Section: Season 4<br/><br/>1. With Ben's encouragement, Leslie decides to run for city council, and the two end their relationship.<br/>2. Leslie hires Andy as her assistant.<br/>3. Patricia Clarkson appears as Ron's first ex-wife,'Tammy One', who uses her power as an IRS employee to trick Ron into thinking he's being audited and temporarily takes complete control over his life.<br/>4. Tom and Jean-Ralphio's company, Entertainment 720, quickly blows through massive amounts of promotional funding while performing little actual work; the company goes out of business and Tom returns to his old job.<br/>5. After struggling to move on both personally and professionally, Ben and Leslie get back together, and Ben sacrifices his job to save Leslie from losing hers.<br/>6. The scandal leads her political advisors to abandon Leslie's campaign, and the Parks Department volunteers to become her new campaign staff.<br/>7. Ben agrees to be Leslie's campaign manager.<br/>8. <strike>Leslie's ex-boyfriend Dave (Louis C.K.)</strike><br/>9. reappears and unsuccessfully attempts to win Leslie back.<br/>10. Leslie's campaign faces myriad setbacks against her main opponent, Bobby Newport (Paul Rudd), and his famous campaign manager Jennifer Barkley (Kathryn Hahn).<br/>11. Ann and Tom begin an extremely rocky romantic relationship.<br/>12. April takes on more responsibility in the department, shouldering much of Leslie's usual work.<br/>13. In the season finale, Jennifer offers Ben a job in Washington, which he reluctantly accepts, and after the race is initially called for Newport, Leslie wins the position in a recount.<br/> |
| Gossip_Girl-International_adaptations | 2 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: Gossip Girl<br/>Section: International adaptations<br/><br/>1. <br/>2. <strike>'Gossip Girl' spawned several adaptations in other countries.</strike><br/>3. The Turkish version is known as 'Küçük Sırlar' (Little Lies).<br/>4. On March 5, 2012, it was reported that Warner Bros. International Television and Metan Development Group would produce a Chinese teen drama series called 'China Girl' inspired by 'Gossip Girl'.<br/>5. Production is set to start in June with the show airing in November.<br/>6. The show will follow the lives of students at a university instead of a high school.<br/>7. A Mexican version of the series has been greenlit as well by Mexican producer Pedro Torres and is titled '.<br/>8. The show will star Sofía Sisniega, Oka Giner, Jon Ecker, Vadhir Derbez, Diego Amozurrutia, and Macarena Achaga.<br/>9. Filming of the Mexican adaptation began in January 2013 with the series set to air in July 5, 2013 on Televisa.<br/>10. A demo of the series has been released.<br/>11. The show will also air in the United States on Univision in 2014.<br/>12. The show was not renewed for a second season.<br/> |
| Gilmore_Girls-Broadcast_history | 11 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: Gilmore Girls<br/>Section: Broadcast history<br/><br/>1. <br/>2. 'Gilmore Girls' first season commenced in the Thursday 8pm/7pm Central time slot, as a lead in for 'Charmed'.<br/>3. Renewed for a second season, the show was relocated on Tuesdays 8pm/7pm, the time slot of 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer', which transferred to UPN, and served as a lead-in for 'Smallville'.<br/>4. In its syndicated release in the United States, the show airs on the ABC Family Channel, and from 2009-2013, aired in weekend timeslots on their sister network SOAPnet, which closed at the start of 2014.<br/>5. First season reruns aired on Monday nights from March until May 2001 while 'Roswell' was on hiatus.<br/>6. An additional run of the first season aired in summer of 2002 on Sunday nights under the title 'Gilmore Girls Beginnings', and was one of two shows on The WB to give the 'Beginnings' in its title for reruns (the other being '7th Heaven').In the United Kingdom 'Gilmore Girls' was initially screened on Nickelodeon from 2003.<br/>7. It remains the only hour-long series to air thereon to date.<br/>8. Only the first three seasons were shown, with episodes edited for content and some, like 'The Big One,' dropped entirely.<br/>9. The series was subsequently picked up by the Hallmark Channel, which gave UK premieres to Seasons 4 and 5, and E4, which continues to show all seven seasons in rotation, with occasional cuts to render it suitable for its early time slot.<br/>10. On 16 January 2012, Gilmore Girls aired its final episode on UK Channel E4.<br/>11. <strike>All seven seasons are now being aired, unedited, on 5*.In Brazil and Mexico, the show premiered in November 5, 2000 on Warner Channel.</strike><br/>12. Then it was shown Boomerang across Latin America.<br/> |
| The_Good_Wife-Premise | 1 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: The Good Wife<br/>Section: Premise<br/><br/>1. <strike>The series focuses on Alicia Florrick (Julianna Margulies), whose husband Peter Florrick (Chris Noth), a former Cook County state's attorney, has been jailed following a very public sex and corruption scandal.</strike><br/>2. Alicia returns to her old job as a litigator (having taken 13 years out to be a stay-at-home mother) to provide for her two children.<br/>3. The series was partly inspired by the Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal, as well as by other prominent American political sex scandals, particularly those of John Edwards and Bill Clinton:<br/> |
| Family_Guy-Humor | 5 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: Family Guy<br/>Section: Humor<br/><br/>1. <br/>2. 'Family Guy' uses the filmmaking technique of cutaways, which occur in the majority of 'Family Guy' episodes.<br/>3. Emphasis is often placed on gags which make reference to current events and/or modern cultural icons.Early episodes based much of their comedy on Stewie's 'super villain' antics, such as his constant plans for total world domination, his evil experiments, plans and inventions to get rid of things he dislikes, and his constant attempts at matricide.<br/>4. As the series progressed, the writers and MacFarlane agreed that his personality and the jokes were starting to feel dated, so they began writing him with a different personality.<br/>5. <strike>'Family Guy' often includes self-referential humor.</strike><br/>6. The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting, and occasions where the characters break the fourth wall by addressing the audience.<br/>7. For example, in 'North by North Quahog', the first episode that aired after the show's revival, included Peter telling the family that they had been cancelled because Fox had to make room in their schedule for shows like 'Dark Angel','Titus','Undeclared','Action','That '80s Show','Wonderfalls','Fastlane','Andy Richter Controls the Universe','Skin','Girls Club','Cracking Up','The Pitts','Firefly','Get Real','Freakylinks','Wanda at Large','Costello','The Lone Gunmen','A Minute with Stan Hooper','Normal, Ohio','Pasadena','Harsh Realm','Keen Eddie','The $treet','The American Embassy','Cedric the Entertainer Presents','The Tick','Luis', and 'Greg the Bunny'.<br/>8. Lois asks whether there is any hope, to which Peter replies that if all these shows are canceled they might have a chance; the shows were indeed canceled during 'Family Guy's hiatus.The show uses catchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have them.<br/>9. Notable expressions include Quagmire's 'Giggity giggity goo', Peter's 'Freakin' sweet', and Joe's 'Bring it on!'<br/>10. The use of many of these catchphrases declined in later seasons.<br/>11. The episode 'Big Man on Hippocampus' mocks catchphrase-based humor: when Peter, who has forgotten everything about his life, is introduced to Meg, he exclaims 'D'oh!<br/>12. ', to which Lois replies,'No, Peter, that's not your catchphrase.'<br/> |
| South_Park-Recognitions_and_awards | 1 | Category: Tv<br/>Title: South Park<br/>Section: Recognitions and awards<br/><br/>1. <strike>In 2004, Channel 4 voted 'South Park' the third-greatest cartoon of all time.</strike><br/>2. In 2007,'Time' magazine included the show on its list of the '100 Best TV Shows of All Time', proclaiming it as 'America's best source of rapid-fire satire for past decade'.<br/>3. The same year,'Rolling Stone' declared it to be the funniest show on television since its debut 10 years prior.<br/>4. In 2008,'South Park' was named the 12th-greatest TV show of the past 25 years by 'Entertainment Weekly', while AOL declared it as having the 'most astute' characters of any show in history when naming it the 16th-best television comedy series of all time.<br/>5. In 2011,'South Park' was voted number one in the '25 Greatest Animated TV Series' poll by 'Entertainment Weekly'.<br/>6. The character of Cartman ranked 10th on TV Guide's 2002 list of the 'Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters', 198th on VH1's '200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons', 19th on Bravo's '100 Greatest TV Characters' television special in 2004, and second on MSNBC's 2005 list of TV's scariest characters behind Mr. Burns from 'The Simpsons'.<br/>7. In 2006, Comedy Central received a Peabody Award for 'South Park's 'stringent social commentary' and 'undeniably fearless lampooning of all that is self-important and hypocritical in American life'.<br/>8. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked 'South Park' at number 63 among the '101 Best-Written Shows Ever'.<br/>9. Also in 2013, TV Guide listed the show at number 10 among the '60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time'.<br/>10. 'South Park' won the CableACE Award for Best Animated Series in 1997, the last year the awards were given out.<br/>11. In 1998,'South Park' was nominated for the Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Primetime or Late Night Television Program.<br/>12. It was also nominated for the 1998 GLAAD Award for Outstanding TV – Individual Episode for 'Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride'.<br/>13. 'South Park' has been nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ten times (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2013).<br/>14. The show has won the award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour) four times, for the 2005 episode 'Best Friends Forever', the 2006 episode 'Make Love, Not Warcraft', the 2009 episode 'Margaritaville', and the 2012 episode 'Raising the Bar'.<br/>15. The Imaginationland trilogy of episodes won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour Or More) in 2008.<br/> |
| Stone_Mountain-History | 15 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Stone Mountain<br/>Section: History<br/><br/>1. Human habitation of Stone Mountain and its surroundings date back into prehistory.<br/>2. When the mountain was first encountered by European explorers, its summit was encircled by a rock wall, similar to that still to be found on Georgia's Fort Mountain.<br/>3. The wall is believed to have been built by early Native American inhabitants of the area, although its purpose remains unclear.<br/>4. By the beginning of the 20th century the wall had disappeared, the rocks having been taken away by early visitors as souvenirs, rolled down the rockface, or removed by the commercial quarrying operation.<br/>5. The mountain was as well the eastern end of the Campbelton Trail, a Native American path that ran through what is now the Atlanta area.Europeans first learned of the mountain in 1597, when Spanish explorers were told of a mountain further inland which was 'very high, shining when the sun set like a fire.'<br/>6. By this time, the Stone Mountain area was inhabited by the Creek and (to a lesser extent) Cherokee peoples.<br/>7. In 1790 the mountain was the site of a meeting initiated by President George Washington in hopes of negotiating a peace treaty with the Creek.<br/>8. Instead a series of wars ensued, and the Creek were forced to cede the land to the state of Georgia in 1821.In the early 19th century, the area was known as Rock Mountain.<br/>9. After the founding of DeKalb County and the county seat of Decatur in 1822 Stone Mountain was a natural recreation area; it was common for young men to take their dates on horseback from Decatur to the mountain.Entrepreneur Aaron Cloud built a 165 foot (50 m) wooden observation tower at the summit of the mountain in 1838, but it was destroyed by a storm and replaced by a much smaller tower in 1851.<br/>10. Visitors to the mountain would travel to the area by rail and road, and then walk up the 1.1 mile mountaintop trail to the top, where Cloud also had a restaurant and club.Granite quarrying started at Stone Mountain in the 1830s, but became a major industry following the completion of a railroad spur to the quarry site in 1847.<br/>11. This line was rebuilt by the Georgia Railroad in 1869.<br/>12. Over the years, Stone Mountain granite was used in many buildings and structures, including the locks of the Panama Canal, the steps to the East Wing of the United States Capitol and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo.<br/>13. In recent years, granite suppliers in Georgia sent stone samples cut from Stone Mountain to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Foundation to be considered for use in a planned monument in King's honor; the Foundation later chose to use granite imported from China.<br/>14. Unfortunately, quarrying during earlier periods also destroyed several spectacular geological features on Stone Mountain, such as the Devil's Crossroads, which was located on top of the mountain.In 1887 Stone Mountain was purchased for $45,000 by the Venable Brothers of Atlanta, who quarried the mountain for 24 more years, and descendents of the Venable family would retain ownership of the mountain until it was purchased by the State of Georgia in the 1950s.Martin Luther King, Jr. mentioned the monument in his 1963 'I Have a Dream' speech in Washington, D.C., when he said 'let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!'<br/>15. <strike>During the 1996 Summer Olympics, Stone Mountain Park provided venues for Olympic events in tennis, archery and track cycling.</strike><br/>16. The venues for archery and cycling were temporary and are now part of the songbird and habitat trail.<br/> |
| Niagara_Falls-Canadian_side | 1 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Niagara Falls<br/>Section: Canadian side<br/><br/>1. <strike>On the Canadian side, Queen Victoria Park features manicured gardens, platforms offering spectacular views of both the American and Horseshoe Falls, and underground walkways leading into observation rooms that yield the illusion of being within the falling waters.</strike><br/>2. The observation deck of the nearby Skylon Tower offers the highest overhead view of the falls, and in the opposite direction gives views as far as distant Toronto.<br/>3. Along with the Minolta Tower (formerly the Seagrams Tower and the Konica Minolta Tower, now called the Tower Hotel), it is one of two towers in Canada with a view of the falls.Along the Niagara River, the Niagara River Recreational Trail runs the 35 miles (56 km) from Fort Erie to Fort George, and includes many historical sites from the War of 1812.The Whirlpool Aero Car, built in 1916 from a design by Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres y Quevedo, is a cable car that takes passengers over the Niagara Whirlpool on the Canadian side.<br/>4. The 'Journey Behind the Falls'—accessible by elevators from the street level entrance—consists of an observation platform and series of tunnels near the bottom of the Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side.There are two casinos on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls, the Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort and Casino Niagara.<br/>5. The former is situated in the Fallsview Tourist Area, alongside many of the area's hotels, whilst the latter is adjacent to Clifton Hill, on Falls Avenue, a major tourist promenade.<br/> |
| Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa-Alternative_candidates | 5 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Leaning Tower of Pisa<br/>Section: Alternative candidates<br/><br/>1. Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lop-sided building: the 15th-century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th-century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen.<br/>2. 'Guinness World Records' measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers, finding the former's tilt to be 3.97 degrees.<br/>3. In June 2010,'Guinness World Records' certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi, UAE as the 'World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower'.<br/>4. The Capital Gate tower has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Pisa Tower; however the Capital Gate tower has been deliberately engineered to slant.<br/>5. <strike>The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.</strike><br/> |
| Eiffel_Tower-Abstract | 4 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Eiffel Tower<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. The Eiffel Tower (, ) is an iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris.<br/>2. It was named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.<br/>3. Erected in 1889 as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair, it was initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but has become both a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world.<br/>4. <strike>The tower is the tallest structure in Paris and the most-visited paid monument in the world; 6.98 million people ascended it in 2011.</strike><br/>5. The tower received its 250 millionth visitor in 2010.The tower is tall, about the same height as an 81- building.<br/>6. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930.<br/>7. Because of the addition of the antenna atop the Eiffel Tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by .<br/>8. Not including broadcast antennae, it is the second-tallest structure in France, after the Millau Viaduct.The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second.<br/>9. The third level observatory's upper platform is above the ground, the highest accessible to the public in the European Union.<br/>10. Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift (elevator) to the first and second levels.<br/>11. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level.<br/>12. Although there are stairs to the third and highest level, these are usually closed to the public and it is generally only accessible by lift.<br/> |
| Machu_Picchu-Intimachay_and_the_Royal_Feast_of_the_Sun | 9 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Machu Picchu<br/>Section: Intimachay and the Royal Feast of the Sun<br/><br/>1. Intimachay is a special cave designed to celebrate and observe the Royal Feast of the Sun.<br/>2. This festival was only to be celebrated by nobility in the Incan month of Capac Raymi and was associated with the December solstice.<br/>3. The festival would begin earlier in the month and would conclude on the solstice.<br/>4. On this day, boys of nobility would be initiated into manhood by conducting an ear-piercing ritual as they watched the sun rise from within the cave.Architecturally, Intimachay is the most significant structure located at Machu Picchu.<br/>5. Its entrances, walls, steps and windows are all comprised with some of the finest masonry found in Incan Empire.<br/>6. The cave also includes a unique tunnel-like window which cannot be found in any other Incan structure.<br/>7. This window was strategically constructed to only allow sunlight into the cave for a span of several days around the time of the December solstice.<br/>8. For this reason, the cave was inaccessible for much of the year.<br/>9. <strike>Intimachay is located on the eastern side of Machu Picchu, just north of the 'Condor Stone.'</strike><br/>10. Many of the caves surrounding this area were prehistorically used as tombs, yet there is no evidence to suggest that it too was a burial ground.<br/> |
| Disneyland-Abstract | 6 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Disneyland<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17, 1955.<br/>2. It is the only theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney.<br/>3. It was originally the only attraction on the property; its name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s.Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s.<br/>4. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit; however, he soon realized that the proposed site was too small.<br/>5. After hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Walt bought a site near Anaheim in 1953.<br/>6. <strike>Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a special televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17, 1955.Since its opening, Disneyland has undergone a number of expansions and renovations, including the addition of New Orleans Square in 1966, Bear Country (now Critter Country) in 1972, and Mickey's Toontown in 1993.</strike><br/>7. Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneyland's original parking lot and opened in 2001.Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with over 650 million guests since it opened.<br/>8. In 2011, the park hosted approximately 16.14 million guests, making it the second most visited park in the world that calendar year.<br/>9. According to a March 2005 report from the Disney Company, there are 65,700 jobs supported by the Disneyland Resort, which includes, at the Resort itself, 20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees (that is, independent contractors or their employees).<br/> |
| Great_Wall_of_China-Visibility_from_low_Earth_orbit | 8 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Great Wall of China<br/>Section: Visibility from low Earth orbit<br/><br/>1. A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low Earth orbit (an altitude of as little as ).<br/>2. NASA claims that it is barely visible, and only under nearly perfect conditions; it is no more conspicuous than many other man-made objects.<br/>3. Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of photoreceptors on the retina, it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye, even from low orbit, and would require visual acuity of 20/3 (7.7 times better than normal).Astronaut William Pogue thought he had seen it from Skylab but discovered he was actually looking at the Grand Canal of China near Beijing.<br/>4. He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars, but said that 'it wasn't visible to the unaided eye.'<br/>5. U.S.<br/>6. Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s, but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts.<br/>7. Veteran U.S. astronaut Gene Cernan has stated: 'At Earth orbit of to high, the Great Wall of China is, indeed, visible to the naked eye.'<br/>8. <strike>Ed Lu, Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station, adds that,'it's less visible than a lot of other objects.</strike><br/>9. And you have to know where to look.<br/>10. 'In 2001, Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11: 'I do not believe that, at least with my eyes, there would be any man-made object that I could see.<br/>11. I have not yet found somebody who has told me they've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit.<br/>12. ...I've asked various people, particularly Shuttle guys, that have been many orbits around China in the daytime, and the ones I've talked to didn't see it.<br/>13. 'In October 2003, Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China.<br/>14. In response, the European Space Agency (ESA) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between , the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye.<br/>15. In an attempt to further clarify things, the ESA published a picture of a part of the “Great Wall” photographed from Space.<br/>16. However, in a press release a week later (no longer available in the ESA’s website), they acknowledged that the 'Great Wall' in the picture was actually a river.Leroy Chiao, a Chinese-American astronaut, took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall.<br/>17. It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it.<br/>18. Based on the photograph, the 'China Daily' later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from space with the naked eye, under favorable viewing conditions, if one knows exactly where to look.<br/>19. However, the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system, and the optics much better, rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye.<br/> |
| Victoria_Falls-National_parks | 4, 5 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Victoria Falls<br/>Section: National parks<br/><br/>1. Natural environment.National parks.The two national parks at the falls are relatively small—Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park is and Victoria Falls National Park is .<br/>2. However, next to the latter on the southern bank is the Zambezi National Park, extending west along the river.<br/>3. Animals can move between the two Zimbabwean parks and can also reach Matetsi Safari Area, Kazuma Pan National Park and Hwange National Park to the south.On the Zambian side, fences and the outskirts of Livingstone tend to confine most animals to the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park.<br/>4. <strike>In addition fences put up by lodges in response to crime restrict animal movement.In 2004 a separate group of police called the Tourism Police was started.</strike><br/>5. <strike>They are commonly seen around the main tourist areas, and can be identified by their uniforms with yellow reflective bibs.</strike><br/> |
| Yellowstone_National_Park-Geysers_and_the_hydrothermal_system | 1, 2 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Yellowstone National Park<br/>Section: Geysers and the hydrothermal system<br/><br/>1. <strike>The most famous geyser in the park, and perhaps the world, is Old Faithful Geyser, located in Upper Geyser Basin.</strike><br/>2. <strike>Castle Geyser, Lion Geyser and Beehive Geyser are in the same basin.</strike><br/>3. The park contains the largest active geyser in the world—Steamboat Geyser in the Norris Geyser Basin.<br/>4. A study that was completed in 2011 found that at least 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone.<br/>5. Of these, an average of 465 are active in a given year.<br/>6. Yellowstone contains at least 10,000 geothermal features altogether.<br/>7. Half the geothermal features and two-thirds of the world's geysers are concentrated in Yellowstone.In May 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey, Yellowstone National Park, and the University of Utah created the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), a partnership for long-term monitoring of the geological processes of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field, for disseminating information concerning the potential hazards of this geologically active region.In 2003, changes at the Norris Geyser Basin resulted in the temporary closure of some trails in the basin.<br/>8. New fumaroles were observed, and several geysers showed enhanced activity and increasing water temperatures.<br/>9. Several geysers became so hot that they were transformed into purely steaming features; the water had become superheated and they could no longer erupt normally.<br/>10. This coincided with the release of reports of a multiple year United States Geological Survey research project which mapped the bottom of Yellowstone Lake and identified a structural dome that had uplifted at some time in the past.<br/>11. Research indicated that these uplifts posed no immediate threat of a volcanic eruption, since they may have developed long ago, and there had been no temperature increase found near the uplifts.<br/>12. On March 10, 2004, a biologist discovered 5 dead bison which apparently had inhaled toxic geothermal gases trapped in the Norris Geyser Basin by a seasonal atmospheric inversion.<br/>13. This was closely followed by an upsurge of earthquake activity in April 2004.<br/>14. In 2006, it was reported that the Mallard Lake Dome and the Sour Creek Dome— areas that have long been known to show significant changes in their ground movement— had risen at a rate of per year from mid–2004 through 2006.<br/>15. As of late 2007, the uplift has continued at a reduced rate.<br/>16. These events inspired a great deal of media attention and speculation about the geologic future of the region.<br/>17. Experts responded to the conjecture by informing the public that there was no increased risk of a volcanic eruption in the near future.<br/>18. However, these changes demonstrate the dynamic nature of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system.<br/> |
| Yosemite_National_Park-Habitats | 3 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Yosemite National Park<br/>Section: Habitats<br/><br/>1. Biology.Habitats.With its scrubby sun-baked chaparral, stately groves of pine, fir, and sequoia, and expanses of alpine woodlands and meadows, Yosemite National Park preserves a Sierra Nevada landscape as it prevailed before Euro-American settlement.<br/>2. In contrast to surrounding lands, which have been significantly altered by logging, the park still contains some of old-growth forest.<br/>3. <strike>Taken together, the park's varied habitats support over 250 species of vertebrates, which include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.Along much of Yosemite's western boundary, habitats are dominated by mixed coniferous forests of Ponderosa Pine, Sugar Pine, Incense-cedar, White Fir, Douglas Fir, and a few stands of Giant Sequoia, interspersed by areas of Black Oak and Canyon Live Oak.</strike><br/>4. A relatively high diversity of wildlife species is supported by these habitats, because of relatively mild, lower-elevation climate and the mixture of habitat types and plant species.<br/>5. Wildlife species typically found in these habitats include American black bear, Bobcat, Cougar, Gray fox, Mule deer, Mountain kingsnake, Gilbert's skink, White-headed Woodpecker, Brown Creeper, Spotted Owl, and a wide variety of bat species.<br/>6. In the case of bats, large snags are important as roost sites.Going higher in elevation, the coniferous forests become purer stands of Red Fir, Western White Pine, Jeffrey Pine, Lodgepole Pine, and the occasional Foxtail pine.<br/>7. Fewer wildlife species tend to be found in these habitats, because of their higher elevation and lower complexity.<br/>8. Species likely to be found include Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel, Chickaree, Fisher, Steller's Jay, Hermit Thrush, and Northern Goshawk.<br/>9. Reptiles are not common, but include Rubber Boa, western fence lizard, and Northern Alligator Lizard.As the landscape rises, trees become smaller and more sparse, with stands broken by areas of exposed granite.<br/>10. These include Lodgepole Pine, Whitebark Pine, and Mountain Hemlock that, at highest elevations, give way to vast expanses of granite as treeline is reached.<br/>11. The climate in these habitats is harsh and the growing season is short, but species such as Pika, Yellow-bellied Marmot, White-tailed Jackrabbit, Clark's Nutcracker, and Black Rosy Finch are adapted to these conditions.<br/>12. Also, the treeless alpine habitats are the areas favored by Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep.<br/>13. This species, however, is now found in the Yosemite area only around Tioga Pass, where a small, reintroduced population exists.At a variety of elevations, meadows provide important, productive habitat for wildlife.<br/>14. Animals come to feed on the green grasses and use the flowing and standing water found in many meadows.<br/>15. Predators, in turn, are attracted to these areas.<br/>16. The interface between meadow and forest is also favored by many animal species because of the proximity of open areas for foraging and cover for protection.<br/>17. Species that are highly dependent upon meadow habitat include Great Grey Owl, Willow Flycatcher, Yosemite Toad, and Mountain Beaver.<br/> |
| Grand_Canyon-Upper_Sonoran_and_Transition | 4 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Grand Canyon<br/>Section: Upper Sonoran and Transition<br/><br/>1. The Upper Sonoran Life Zone includes most of the inner canyon and South Rim at elevations from .<br/>2. This zone is generally dominated by blackbrush, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper woodlands.<br/>3. Elevations of are in the Mojave Desert Scrub community of the Upper Sonoran.<br/>4. <strike>This community is dominated by the four-winged saltbush and creosote bush; other important plants include Utah agave, narrowleaf mesquite, ratany, catclaw, and various cacti species.Approximately 30 bird species breed primarily in the desert uplands and cliffs of the inner canyon.</strike><br/>5. Virtually all bird species present breed in other suitable habitats throughout the Sonoran and Mohave deserts.<br/>6. The abundance of bats, swifts, and riparian birds provides ample food for peregrines, and suitable eyrie sites are plentiful along the steep canyon walls.<br/>7. Also, several critically endangered California Condors that were re-introduced to the Colorado Plateau on the Arizona Strip, have made the eastern part of the Park their home.The conifer forests provide habitat for 52 mammal species.<br/>8. Porcupines, shrews, red squirrels, tassel eared Kaibab and Abert's squirrels, black bear, mule deer, and elk are found at the park's higher elevations on the Kaibab Plateau.Above the desert scrub and up to is a pinyon pine forest and one seed juniper woodland.<br/>9. Within this woodland one can find big sagebrush, snakeweed, Mormon tea, Utah agave, banana and narrowleaf Yucca, winterfat, Indian ricegrass, dropseed, and needlegrass.<br/>10. There are a variety of snakes and lizards here, but one species of reptile, the mountain short-horned Lizard, is a particularly abundant inhabitant of the piñon-juniper and ponderosa pine forests.Ponderosa pine forests grow at elevations between , on both North and South rims in the Transition life zone.<br/>11. The South Rim includes species such as gray fox, mule deer, bighorn sheep, rock squirrels, pinyon pine and Utah juniper.<br/>12. Additional species such as Gambel oak, New Mexico locust, mountain mahogany, elderberry, creeping mahonia, and fescue have been identified in these forests.<br/>13. The Utah tiger salamander and the Great Basin spadefoot toad are two amphibians that are common in the rim forests.<br/>14. Of the approximately 90 bird species that breed in the coniferous forests, 51 are summer residents and at least 15 of these are known to be neotropical migrants.<br/> |
| Mount_Rushmore-Conservation | 1 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Mount Rushmore<br/>Section: Conservation<br/><br/>1. <strike>The ongoing conservation of the site is overseen by the US National Park Service.</strike><br/>2. Physical efforts to conserve the monument have included replacement of the sealant applied originally by Gutzon Borglum, which had proved ineffective at providing water resistance (components include linseed oil, granite dust and white lead).<br/>3. A modern silicone replacement was used, disguised with granite dust.In 1998, electronic monitoring devices were installed to track movement in the topology of the sculpture to an accuracy of 3 mm.<br/>4. The site has been subsequently digitally recorded using a terrestrial laser scanning methodology in 2009 as part of the international Scottish Ten project, providing a record of unprecedented resolution and accuracy to inform the conservation of the site.<br/>5. This data was made accessible online to be freely used by the wider community to aid further interpretation and public access.<br/> |
| Space_Needle-Architecture | 3 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Space Needle<br/>Section: Architecture<br/><br/>1. The architecture of the Space Needle is the result of a compromise between the designs of two men, Edward E. Carlson and John Graham, Jr.<br/>2. The two leading ideas for the World Fair involved businessman Edward Carlson's sketch of a giant balloon tethered to the ground (see the gently sloping base) and architect John Graham's concept of a flying saucer (see the halo that houses the restaurant and observation deck).<br/>3. <strike>Victor Steinbrueck introduced the hourglass profile of the tower.</strike><br/>4. The Space Needle was built to withstand wind speeds of 200 mph, double the requirements in the building code of 1962.<br/>5. An earthquake registering 6.8 on the Richter Scale jolted the Needle enough in 2001 for water to slosh out of the toilets in the restrooms.<br/>6. The Space Needle can endure serious structural damage during earthquakes of magnitudes below 9.<br/>7. Also made to withstand Category 5 hurricane-force winds, the Space Needle sways only 1 inch per 10 mph (16 mm per 10 km/h) of wind speed.For decades, the 'hovering disk' of the Space Needle was home to two restaurants above the ground: the Space Needle Restaurant, which was originally named Eye of the Needle, and Emerald Suite.<br/>8. These were closed in 2000 to make way for SkyCity, a larger restaurant that features Pacific Northwest cuisine.<br/>9. It rotates 360 degrees in exactly forty-seven minutes.<br/>10. In 1993, the elevators were replaced with new computerized versions.<br/>11. The new elevators descend at a rate of .On December 31, 1999 (New Year's Eve), a powerful beam of light was unveiled for the first time.<br/>12. Called the Legacy Light or Skybeam, it is powered by lamps that total 85 million candela shining skyward from the top of the Space Needle to honor national holidays and special occasions in Seattle.<br/>13. The concept of this beam was derived from the official 1962 World's Fair poster, which depicted such a light source although none was incorporated into the original design.<br/>14. It is somewhat controversial because of the light pollution it creates.<br/>15. Originally planned to be turned on 75 nights per year, it has generally been used fewer than a dozen times per year.<br/>16. It did remain lit for eleven days in a row from September 11, 2001, to September 22, 2001, in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks.The same 1962 World's Fair original poster showed a grand spiral entryway leading to the elevator, but this, too, was omitted from the final building plans.<br/>17. This stairway was added as part of the Pavilion and Spacebase addition/remodel in June 2000.<br/>18. The main stairwell (generally emergency access) has 848 steps in all from the basement to the top of the observation deck.At approximately , the Space Needle was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River at the time it was built by Howard S. Wright Construction Co., but is now dwarfed by other structures along the Seattle skyline, among them the Columbia Center, at .<br/>19. Unlike many other similar structures, such as the CN Tower in Toronto, the Space Needle is not used for broadcasting purposes.<br/> |
| Statue_of_Liberty-Location_and_visiting | 2 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Statue of Liberty<br/>Section: Location and visiting<br/><br/>1. Access and attributes.Location and visiting.The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island, south of Ellis Island.<br/>2. <strike>Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800.</strike><br/>3. As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay's midpoint, the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line.<br/>4. Land created by reclamation at Ellis is New Jersey territory.No charge is made for entrance to Statue of Liberty National Monument, but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use, as private boats may not dock at the island.<br/>5. A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, replacing Circle Line, which had operated the service since 1953.The ferries, which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan, also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public, making a combined trip possible.<br/>6. All ferry riders are subject to security screening, similar to airport procedures, prior to boarding.<br/>7. Visitors intending to enter the statue's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum/pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket.<br/>8. Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket, which may be reserved up to a year in advance.<br/>9. A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend: ten per group, three groups per hour.<br/>10. Climbers may bring only medication and cameras—lockers are provided for other items—and must undergo a second security screening.<br/> |
| SeaWorld-History | 1 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: SeaWorld<br/>Section: History<br/><br/>1. <strike>SeaWorld was opened in 1964 by Milton C. Shedd, Ken Norris, David Demott, and George Millay.</strike><br/>2. The four graduates of UCLA originally set out to build an underwater restaurant and marine life show.<br/>3. When the underwater restaurant concept was deemed unfeasible, they scrapped those plans and decided to build a park instead, and SeaWorld San Diego was opened on March 21, 1964.<br/>4. With only a few dolphins, sea lions, 6 attractions and , the park proved to be a success and more than 400,000 guests visited in the first 12 months.After considering other locations in the midwest, including the Lake Milton/Newton Falls area west of Youngstown, Ohio, it was decided that Aurora, Ohio would be the new home of a SeaWorld.<br/>5. The Aurora site was approximately northwest of the Lake Milton site, and southeast of Cleveland.<br/>6. By this time the founders of the company had captured a few more species of animals, including a killer whale that was brought to the new facility.<br/>7. The harsh winter climate permitted the park to be open only from mid-May until mid-September.The Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida opened near the end of the second operating season of SeaWorld of Ohio.<br/>8. The success of Disney in Orlando provided a location that was already popular with tourists.<br/>9. SeaWorld Orlando opened in 1973.Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. (HBJ) purchased the company in 1976 and 12 years later they began a venture in Texas.<br/>10. In 1988, SeaWorld San Antonio opened just a few miles outside of San Antonio.<br/>11. Growth has pushed the city outwards, and now SeaWorld San Antonio lies in the Westover Hills community in West San Antonio.<br/>12. The park was open year-round like its sister parks in California and Florida in 1988 and 1989, then went to a seasonal schedule.<br/>13. The stress and financial resources it took to build and maintain a state-of-the-art marine mammal facility in the late '80s eventually took its toll on the company.<br/>14. HBJ, whose primary focus was producing school books, needed to reduce its assets in order to avoid a bankruptcy.The Anheuser-Busch Company made an offer to purchase the SeaWorld parks.<br/>15. However, HBJ also owned and operated two other parks, Cypress Gardens and Boardwalk and Baseball, and out of fear of not being able to find a buyer for the two other parks, HBJ refused to sell the parks individually.<br/>16. Despite a long negotiation, Anheuser-Busch bought all six parks in 1989: SeaWorld in San Diego, Aurora, Orlando and San Antonio as well as Cypress Gardens in Winter Haven and Boardwalk and Baseball in Haines City.<br/>17. Soon after the sale was final, Busch sold Cypress Gardens to the park's management and closed Boardwalk and Baseball.<br/>18. Anheuser-Busch put millions of dollars back into the parks to revive and to prolong their longevity.<br/> |
| Hersheypark-The_Hollow | 1 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Hersheypark<br/>Section: The Hollow<br/><br/>1. <strike>This section was named after the oldest operating coaster in the park, Comet, and lies along Spring Creek.</strike><br/>2. This is one of the oldest areas part of Hersheypark; many rides have come and gone in this area.<br/>3. The park's first water ride, the Mill Chute installed in 1929, was alongside the creek where Great Bear runs today.<br/>4. The original location for the bumper cars, then called the Auto Skooters, is now the SooperDooperLooper Sandwich Stop.<br/>5. There were giant slides on the hill where the Hersheypark Amphitheater is located.<br/>6. A turnpike ride was located underneath the high bridge that crossed Spring Creek to Minetown.<br/>7. The park's carousel, before being moved to Carrousel Circle in 1972, was located along the creek adjacent to the station of Comet.<br/>8. Before SooperDooperLooper came to Comet Hollow in 1977, a Himalaya ride was in that location, and before that, twin Eli Bridge Ferris wheels.<br/>9. A whip, and a station for the Electric Railroad were also located in Comet Hollow at one time.One of Hersheypark's most significant floods occurred in 1972 as a result of Hurricane Agnes.<br/>10. A number of rides were heavily damaged or destroyed as a result.<br/>11. These rides include the turnpike ride, the Mill Chute and the giant slides.<br/>12. They were eventually replaced (the Coal Cracker (1973) and Twin Turnpike (1975) were put on higher ground in Minetown, and the Merry Derry Dip Fun Slide was put in Midway America twenty five years later in 1997).Today, Comet Hollow features three roller coasters, Comet (Hersheypark), Skyrush, and the first looping roller coaster on the East Coast, SooperDooperLooper.<br/>13. It also houses the Wave Swinger.<br/>14. Almost all of Great Bear's track courses through Comet Hollow.Beginning with the 2012 season and renovations being done to this area, the park changed the name of the once 'Comet Hollow' to the now present name of 'The Hollow'.<br/> |
| Six_Flags-Beginnings | 3 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Six Flags<br/>Section: Beginnings<br/><br/>1. History.Beginnings.The name refers to the flags of the six different nations that have governed Texas: Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the United States of America, and the Confederate States of America.<br/>2. The original park was (and still is) split into separate regions, such as the 'Spain and Mexico' section which featured Spanish-themed rides, attractions, and buildings.The Six Flags chain originated in 1959 with the creation of 'The Great Southwest Corporation' by Angus G. Wynne and other investors.<br/>3. <strike>Construction of 'Six Flags Over Texas' started in 1960, and the park was opened the next year for a short (45-day) season.</strike><br/>4. The first park initially featured a Native American village, a gondola ride, a railroad, some Wild West shows, a stagecoach ride, and 'Skull Island', a pirate-themed adventure attraction.<br/>5. There was also an excursion, inspired by the historical La Salle Expeditions in the late 1600s, called 'LaSalle's River Adventure', aboard French riverboats through a wilderness full of animated puppets.<br/>6. Over time, all of those attractions, except for the railroad, would be replaced by others, such as roller coasters, swing rides, log flumes, and shoot-the-chute rides, as well as an observation tower.<br/> |
| Stonehenge-Stonehenge_3_IV_(2280_BC_to_1930_BC) | 1 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Stonehenge<br/>Section: Stonehenge 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC)<br/><br/>1. <strike> 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC).This phase saw further rearrangement of the bluestones.</strike><br/>2. They were arranged in a circle between the two rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring.<br/>3. Some archaeologists argue that some of these bluestones were from a second group brought from Wales.<br/>4. All the stones formed well-spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III.<br/>5. The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval at this time and re-erected vertically.<br/>6. Although this would seem the most impressive phase of work, Stonehenge 3 IV was rather shabbily built compared to its immediate predecessors, as the newly re-installed bluestones were not well-founded and began to fall over.<br/>7. However, only minor changes were made after this phase.<br/> |
| Colosseum-Abstract | 6 | Category: Travel<br/>Title: Colosseum<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. The Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: 'Amphitheatrum Flavium'; Italian: 'Anfiteatro Flavio' or 'Colosseo') is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy.<br/>2. Built of concrete and stone, it was the largest amphitheatre of the Roman Empire, and is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering.<br/>3. It is the largest amphitheatre in the world.The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum.<br/>4. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in 70 AD, and was completed in 80 AD under his successor and heir Titus.<br/>5. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96).<br/>6. <strike>These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name '(Flavius)'.The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators, and was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology.</strike><br/>7. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era.<br/>8. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome.<br/>9. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit 'Way of the Cross' procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.The Colosseum, like all the Historic Centre of Rome, Properties of the Holy See in Italy and the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.<br/>10. In 2007 the complex was also included among the New7Wonders of the World, following a competition organized by New Open World Corporation (NOWC).The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.<br/> |
| Mona_Lisa-Abstract | 2 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Mona Lisa<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. The Mona Lisa (Monna Lisa or La Gioconda in Italian; La Joconde in French) is a half-length portrait of a woman by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, which has been acclaimed as 'the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world.<br/>2. <strike>'The painting, thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, is in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel, and is believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506, although Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517.</strike><br/>3. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic, on permanent display at The Louvre museum in Paris since 1797.<br/>4. The ambiguity of the subject's expression, which is frequently described as enigmatic, the monumentality of the composition, the subtle modeling of forms and the atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the continuing fascination and study of the work.<br/> |
| Vincent_van_Gogh-Posthumous_fame | 9 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Vincent van Gogh<br/>Section: Posthumous fame<br/><br/>1. Legacy.Posthumous fame.Following his first exhibitions in the late 1880s, Van Gogh's fame grew steadily among colleagues, art critics, dealers and collectors.<br/>2. After his death, memorial exhibitions were mounted in Brussels, Paris, The Hague and Antwerp.<br/>3. In the early 20th century, there were retrospectives in Paris (1901 and 1905), and Amsterdam (1905), and important group exhibitions in Cologne (1912), New York (1913) and Berlin (1914).<br/>4. These had a noticeable impact on later generations of artists.<br/>5. By the mid 20th century Van Gogh was seen as one of the greatest and most recognizable painters in history.<br/>6. In 2007 a group of Dutch historians compiled the 'Canon of Dutch History' to be taught in schools and included Van Gogh as one of the fifty topics of the canon, alongside other national icons such as Rembrandt and De Stijl.Together with those of Pablo Picasso, Van Gogh's works are among the world's most expensive paintings ever sold, based on data from auctions and private sales.<br/>7. Those sold for over US$100 million (today's equivalent) include Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Portrait of Joseph Roulin and Irises.<br/>8. A Wheatfield with Cypresses was sold in 1993 for US$57 million, a spectacularly high price at the time, while his Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear was sold privately in the late 1990s for an estimated US$80/$90 million.A newly discovered painting by the Dutch artist was publicly unveiled on September 10, 2013, after it was retrieved from the attic of a Norwegian collector who misjudged the work as a fraud following its purchase in 1908.<br/>9. <strike>'Sunset at Montmajour' is a large oil landscape painting and, as of September 24, 2013, is displayed at Amsterdam's Van Gogh Museum.</strike><br/> |
| Great_Sphinx_of_Giza-Origin_and_identity | 3 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Great Sphinx of Giza<br/>Section: Origin and identity<br/><br/>1. The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues but basic facts about it, such as when it was built, and by whom, are still debated.<br/>2. These questions have resulted in the popular idea of the 'Riddle of the Sphinx,' alluding to the original Greek legend of the Riddle of the Sphinx.<br/>3. <strike>Pliny The Elder mentioned the Great Sphinx in his book,'Natural History', commenting that the Egyptians looked upon the statue as a 'divinity' that has been passed over in silence and 'that King Harmais was buried in it'.</strike><br/> |
| The_Starry_Night-Subject_matter | 1 | Category: Art<br/>Title: The Starry Night<br/>Section: Subject matter<br/><br/>1. <strike>The center part shows the village of Saint-Rémy under a swirling sky, in a view from the asylum towards north.</strike><br/>2. The Alpilles far to the right fit to this view, but there is little rapport of the actual scene with the intermediary hills which seem to be derived from a different part of the surroundings, south of the asylum.<br/>3. The cypress tree to the left was added into the composition.<br/>4. Of note is the fact Van Gogh had already, during his time in Arles, repositioned Ursa Major from the north to the south in his painting 'Starry Night Over the Rhone'.In a letter to his brother Theo, Van Gogh wrote of it: <br/> |
| The_Scream-Record_sale_at_auction | 4 | Category: Art<br/>Title: The Scream<br/>Section: Record sale at auction<br/><br/>1. The 1895 pastel-on-board version of the painting, owned by Norwegian businessman Petter Olsen, sold at Sotheby's for a record US$120 million at auction on 2 May 2012.<br/>2. The bidding started at $40 million and lasted for over 12 minutes when Leon Black by phone gave the final offer of US$119,922,500, including the buyer's premium.<br/>3. Sotheby's said the painting was the most colorful and vibrant of the four versions painted by Munch and the only version whose frame was hand-painted by the artist to include his poem, detailing the work's inspiration.<br/>4. <strike>After the sale, Sotheby's auctioneer Tobias Meyer said the painting was 'worth every penny', adding: 'It is one of the great icons of art in the world and whoever bought it should be congratulated.</strike><br/>5. 'The previous record for the most expensive work of art sold at auction had been held by Picasso's 'Nude, Green Leaves and Bust', which went for US$106.5 million at Christie's two years prior on 4 May 2010.<br/>6. When accounting for inflation, the highest price paid for art at an auction is still held by Van Gogh's 'Portrait of Dr. Gachet', which sold for $82.5 million in 1990, or about $ million 2012 dollars.<br/>7. There have been reports that 'The Card Players', by Cézanne, sold privately for $250m in 2011, which can not be verified for the establishment of a record price.<br/> |
| The_Persistence_of_Memory-Description | 7 | Category: Art<br/>Title: The Persistence of Memory<br/>Section: Description<br/><br/>1. The well-known surrealist piece introduced the image of the soft melting pocket watch.<br/>2. It epitomizes Dalí's theory of 'softness' and 'hardness', which was central to his thinking at the time.<br/>3. As Dawn Ades wrote,'The soft watches are an unconscious symbol of the relativity of space and time, a Surrealist meditation on the collapse of our notions of a fixed cosmic order'.<br/>4. This interpretation suggests that Dalí was incorporating an understanding of the world introduced by Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity.<br/>5. Asked by Ilya Prigogine whether this was in fact the case, Dalí replied that the soft watches were not inspired by the theory of relativity, but by the surrealist perception of a Camembert cheese melting in the sun.Although fundamentally part of Dalí's Freudian phase, the imagery precedes his transition to his scientific phase by fourteen years, which occurred after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.It is possible to recognize a human figure in the middle of the composition, in the strange 'monster' that Dalí used in several contemporary pieces to represent himself – the abstract form becoming something of a self-portrait, reappearing frequently in his work.<br/>6. The orange clock at the bottom left of the painting is covered in ants.<br/>7. <strike>Dalí often used ants in his paintings as a symbol of decay.The figure in the middle of the picture can be read as a 'fading' creature, one that often appears in dreams where the dreamer cannot pinpoint the creature's exact form and composition.</strike><br/>8. One can observe that the creature has one closed eye with several eyelashes, suggesting that the creature is also in a dream state.<br/>9. The iconography may refer to a dream that Dalí himself had experienced, and the clocks may symbolize the passing of time as one experiences it in sleep or the persistence of time in the eyes of the dreamer .<br/>10. 'The Persistence of Memory' employs 'the exactitude of realist painting techniques' to depict imagery more likely to be found in dreams than in waking consciousness.<br/> |
| Last_Supper-Location | 1 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Last Supper<br/>Section: Location<br/><br/>1. <strike>According to later tradition, the Last Supper took place in what is called today The Room of the Last Supper on Mount Zion, just outside of the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem, and is traditionally known as 'The Upper Room'.</strike><br/>2. This is based on the account in the Synoptic Gospels that states that Jesus had instructed a pair of unnamed disciples to go to 'the city' to meet 'a man carrying a jar of water', who would lead them to a house, where they would find 'a large upper room furnished and ready'.<br/>3. In this upper room they 'prepare the Passover'.No more specific indication of the location is given in the New Testament, and the 'city' referred to may be a suburb of Jerusalem, such as Bethany, rather than Jerusalem itself.<br/>4. The traditional location is in an area that, according to archaeology, had a large Essene community, a point made by scholars who suspect a link between Jesus and the group (Kilgallen 265).Saint Mark's Syrian Orthodox Church in Jerusalem is another possible site for the room in which the Last Supper was held, and contains a Christian stone inscription testifying to early reverence for that spot.<br/>5. Certainly the room they have is older than that of the current coenaculum (crusader - 12th century) and as the room is now underground the relative altitude is correct (the streets of 1st century Jerusalem were at least twelve feet (3.6 metres) lower than those of today, so any true building of that time would have even its upper storey currently under the earth).<br/>6. They also have a revered Icon of the Virgin Mary, reputedly painted from life by St Luke.Bargil Pixner claims the original site is located beneath the current structure of the Cenacle on Mount Zion.<br/> |
| American_Gothic-Abstract | 1 | Category: Art<br/>Title: American Gothic<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. <strike>American Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago.</strike><br/>2. Wood's inspiration came from what is now known as the American Gothic House, and his decision to paint the house along with 'the kind of people I fancied should live in that house.'<br/>3. The painting shows a farmer standing beside his spinster daughter.<br/>4. The figures were modeled by the artist's sister and their dentist.<br/>5. The woman is dressed in a colonial print apron evoking 19th-century Americana, and the couple are in the traditional roles of men and women, the man's pitchfork symbolizing hard labor, and the flowers over the woman's right shoulder suggesting domesticity.It is one of the most familiar images in 20th-century American art, and has been widely parodied in American popular culture.<br/> |
| Dora_Maar_au_Chat-History | 4 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Dora Maar au Chat<br/>Section: History<br/><br/>1. The canvas (50 ½ by 37 ½ inches / 128.3 cm by 95.3 cm) was one of many portraits of Dora Maar painted by Pablo Picasso over their nearly decade-long relationship.<br/>2. Picasso fell in love with the 29-year old Maar at the age of 55 and soon began living with her.<br/>3. This painting was done during the year 1941, when the Nazis were occupying France.<br/>4. <strike>In the 1940s, the painting was obtained by Chicago collectors Leigh and Mary Block.</strike><br/>5. They sold the painting in 1963 After that, the painting was never shown until the 21st century.During 2005 and 2006,'Dora Maar au Chat', then owned by the Gidwitz family of Chicago, was shown worldwide as part of Sotheby's exhibitions in London, Hong Kong and New York.<br/>6. It came up for sale in an auction of Impressionist/Modern works held at Sotheby's on May 3, 2006 in New York and making it the second-highest price ever paid for a painting at auction.<br/>7. An anonymous Russian bidder present at the New York auction won the work with a final bid of US$95,216,000, well exceeding the pre-auction US$50 million estimates.<br/>8. The identity of the bidder, who spent more than US$100 million in total, and purchased an 1883 Monet seascape and a 1978 Chagall in addition to the Picasso, was a topic of much speculation.<br/>9. Apparently a novice bidder, though possibly acting as an agent for a more well-known collector, the anonymous buyer may have been unknown at the start of the auction even to Sotheby's officials.<br/>10. As of mid-2007, the ownership of the 'Dora Maar au Chat' is still unknown to the general public, although rumors have focused on the Georgian mining magnate and current Prime Minister of Georgia Bidzina (Boris) Ivanishvili, who sold his Moscow bank a week before the auction for $550 m.<br/> |
| A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte-In_popular_culture | 2 | Category: Art<br/>Title: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte<br/>Section: In popular culture<br/><br/>1. The January 1974 'Playboy' magazine featured Nancy Cameron, its Playmate of the Month, on its cover superimposed on the painting in similar style.The painting was the basis for the 1984 Broadway musical 'Sunday In The Park With George' by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine.<br/>2. <strike>Subsequently the painting is sometimes referred to by the misnomer 'Sunday in the Park'.The painting is prominently featured in the 1986 comedy film 'Ferris Bueller's Day Off'.At the Old Deaf School Park in Columbus, Ohio, sculptor James T. Mason recreated the painting in topiary form; the installation was completed in 1989.The painting was the inspiration for the commemorative poster printed for the 1993 Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix, with racing cars and the Detroit skyline added.The painting was featured, among others, in a scene from '.</strike><br/>3. It also featured in an episode of Family Guy, when Stewie visits an art museum; both times a parody of the famous 'Ferris Bueller' sequence.<br/> |
| Pablo_Picasso-Cubism | 4, 5 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Pablo Picasso<br/>Section: Cubism<br/><br/>1. Analytic cubism (1909–1912) is a style of painting Picasso developed with Georges Braque using monochrome brownish and neutral colours.<br/>2. Both artists took apart objects and 'analyzed' them in terms of their shapes.<br/>3. Picasso and Braque's paintings at this time share many similarities.<br/>4. <strike>Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) was a further development of the genre, in which cut paper fragments – often wallpaper or portions of newspaper pages – were pasted into compositions, marking the first use of collage in fine art.In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters, including André Breton, poet Guillaume Apollinaire, writer Alfred Jarry, and Gertrude Stein.</strike><br/>5. <strike>Apollinaire was arrested on suspicion of stealing the 'Mona Lisa' from the Louvre in 1911.</strike><br/>6. Apollinaire pointed to his friend Picasso, who was also brought in for questioning, but both were later exonerated.<br/> |
| Michelangelo-Madonna_and_Child | 4 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Michelangelo<br/>Section: Madonna and Child<br/><br/>1. Works.Madonna and Child.The 'Madonna of the Steps' is Michelangelo's earliest known work.<br/>2. It is carved in shallow relief, a technique often employed by the master-sculptor of the early 15th-century, Donatello and others such as Desiderio da Settignano.<br/>3. While the Madonna is in profile, the easiest aspect for a shallow relief, the child displays a twisting motion that was to become characteristic of Michelangelo's work.<br/>4. <strike>The 'Taddeo Tondo' of 1502, shows the Christ Child frightened by a Bullfinch, a symbol of the Crucifixion.</strike><br/>5. The lively form of the child was later adapted by Raphael in the 'Bridgewater Madonna'.<br/>6. The 'Bruges Madonna' was, at the time of its creation, unlike other such statues which show the Virgin proudly presenting her son.<br/>7. Here, the Christ Child, restrained by his mother's clasping hand, is about to step off into the world.<br/>8. The 'Doni Tondo', depicting the Holy Family, has elements of all three previous works: the frieze of figures in the background has the appearance of a low-relief, while the circular shape and dynamic forms echo the Taddeo Tondo.<br/>9. The twisting motion present in the Bruges Madonna is accentuated in the painting.<br/>10. The painting heralds the forms, movement and colour that Michelangelo was to employ on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.<br/> |
| Leonardo_da_Vinci-Old_age,_1513–19 | 13 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Leonardo da Vinci<br/>Section: Old age, 1513–19<br/><br/>1. From September 1513 to 1516, under Pope Leo X, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome, where Raphael and Michelangelo were both active at the time.<br/>2. In October 1515, Francis I of France recaptured Milan.<br/>3. On December 19, Leonardo was present at the meeting of Francis I and Pope Leo X, which took place in Bologna.<br/>4. Leonardo was commissioned to make for Francis a mechanical lion which could walk forward, then open its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.<br/>5. In 1516, he entered François' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise.<br/>6. It was here that he spent the last three years of his life, accompanied by his friend and apprentice, Count Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.Leonardo died at Clos Lucé, on May 2, 1519.<br/>7. Francis I had become a close friend.<br/>8. Vasari records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story, beloved by the French and portrayed in romantic paintings by Ingres, Ménageot and other French artists, as well as by Angelica Kauffman, may be legend rather than fact.<br/>9. Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament.<br/>10. In accordance with his will, sixty beggars followed his casket.<br/>11. Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects.<br/>12. Leonardo also remembered his other long-time pupil and companion, Salai and his servant Battista di Vilussis, who each received half of Leonardo's vineyards, his brothers who received land, and his serving woman who received a black cloak 'of good stuff' with a fur edge.<br/>13. <strike>Leonardo da Vinci was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert in Château d'Amboise, in France.Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benevenuto Cellini as saying: 'There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.'</strike><br/> |
| Donatello-Work_in_Florence | 5 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Donatello<br/>Section: Work in Florence<br/><br/>1. In Florence, Donatello assisted Lorenzo Ghiberti with the statues of prophets for the north door of the Florence Baptistery, for which he received payment in November 1406 and early 1408.<br/>2. In 1409–1411 he executed the colossal seated figure of 'Saint John the Evangelist', which until 1588 occupied a niche of the old cathedral façade, and is now placed in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo.<br/>3. This work marks a decisive step forward from late Gothic Mannerism in the search for naturalism and the rendering of human feelings.<br/>4. The face, the shoulders and the bust are still idealized, while the hands and the fold of cloth over the legs are more realistic.In 1411–1413, Donatello worked on a statue of St. Mark for the guild church of Orsanmichele.<br/>5. <strike>In 1417 he completed the 'Saint George' for the Confraternity of the Cuirass-makers.</strike><br/>6. The elegant 'St. George and the Dragon' relief on the statue's base, executed in schiacciato (a very low bas-relief) is one of the first examples of central-point perspective in sculpture.<br/>7. From 1423 is the 'Saint Louis of Toulouse' for the Orsanmichele, now in the Museum of the Basilica di Santa Croce.<br/>8. Donatello had also sculpted the classical frame for this work, which remains, while the statue was moved in 1460 and replaced by 'Incredulity of Saint Thomas' by Verrocchio.Between 1415 and 1426, Donatello created five statues for the campanile of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, also known as the Duomo.<br/>9. These works are the 'Beardless Prophet'; 'Bearded Prophet' (both from 1415); the 'Sacrifice of Isaac' (1421); 'Habbakuk' (1423–1425); and 'Jeremiah' (1423–1426); which follow the classical models for orators and are characterized by strong portrait details.<br/>10. From the late teens is the 'Pazzi Madonna' relief in Berlin.<br/>11. In 1425, he executed the notable 'Crucifix' for Santa Croce; this work portrays Christ in a moment of the agony, eyes and mouth partially opened, the body contracted in an ungraceful posture.From 1425–1427, Donatello collaborated with Michelozzo on the funerary monument of the Antipope John XXIII for the Battistero in Florence.<br/>12. Donatello made the recumbent bronze figure of the deceased, under a shell.<br/>13. In 1427, he completed in Pisa a marble relief for the funerary monument of Cardinal Rainaldo Brancacci at the church of Sant'Angelo a Nilo in Naples.<br/>14. In the same period, he executed the relief of the 'Feast of Herod' and the statues of 'Faith' and 'Hope' for the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Siena.<br/>15. The relief is mostly in 'stiacciato', with the foreground figures are done in bas-relief.<br/> |
| The_Thinker-Casts | 6 | Category: Art<br/>Title: The Thinker<br/>Section: Casts<br/><br/>1. <br/>2. 'The Thinker' has been cast in multiple versions and is found around the world; the history of the progression from models to castings is complicated and still not entirely clear.<br/>3. About 28 monumental-sized bronze casts of the sculpture are in museums and public places.<br/>4. In addition, there are sculptures of different study size scales and plaster versions (often painted bronze) in both monumental and study sizes.<br/>5. Some newer castings have been produced posthumously and are not considered part of the original production.Rodin made the first small plaster version around 1880.<br/>6. <strike>The first large-scale bronze casting was finished in 1902 but not presented to the public until 1904.</strike><br/>7. It became the property of the city of Paris — thanks to a subscription organized by Rodin admirers — and was put in front of the Panthéon in 1906.<br/>8. In 1922, it was moved to the Hôtel Biron, which had been transformed into the Rodin Museum.The first cast sculpture can be found in front of Grawemeyer Hall on the University of Louisville Belknap Campus in Louisville, Kentucky.<br/>9. Made in Paris, it was first displayed at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904 and was then given to the city.<br/>10. This sculpture was the only cast created by the lost-wax casting method.<br/> |
| Henry_Moore-World_War_Two | 10 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Henry Moore<br/>Section: World War Two<br/><br/>1. At the outbreak of the Second World War the Chelsea School of Art was evacuated to Northampton and Moore resigned his teaching post.<br/>2. During the war, Moore produced powerful drawings of Londoners sleeping in the London Underground while sheltering from the Blitz.<br/>3. Kenneth Clark, the chairman of the War Artists' Advisory Committee,WAAC, had previously tried to recruit Moore as a full-time salaried war artist and now agreed to purchase some of the shelter drewings and issued contracts for further examples.<br/>4. The shelter drawings WAAC acquired were completed between the autumn of 1940 and the spring of 1941 and are regarded as among the finest products of the WAAC scheme.<br/>5. In August 1941 WAAC commissioned Moore to drew miners working underground at the Wheldale Colliery in Yorkshire, where his father had worked at the start of the century.<br/>6. Whereas Moore drew the people in the shelters as passively waiting the all-clear he shows the miners aggressively working the coal-faces.<br/>7. These drawings helped to boost Moore's international reputation, particularly in America where examples were included in the WAAC 'Britain at War' exhibition which toured North America throughout the war.After their Hampstead home was hit by bomb shrapnel in September 1940, Moore and Irina moved out of London to live in a farmhouse called Hoglands in the hamlet of Perry Green near Much Hadham, Hertfordshire.<br/>8. This was to become Moore's home and workshop for the rest of his life.<br/>9. Despite acquiring significant wealth later in life, Moore never felt the need to move to larger premises and, apart from the addition of a number of outbuildings and studios, the house changed little over the years.<br/>10. <strike>In 1943 he received a commission from the Church of St. Matthew, Northampton, to carve a Madonna and Child; this sculpture was the first in an important series of family-group sculptures.</strike><br/> |
| Andy_Warhol-Death | 1 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Andy Warhol<br/>Section: Death<br/><br/>1. <strike>Warhol died in New York City at 6:32 am on February 22, 1987.</strike><br/>2. According to news reports, he had been making good recovery from a routine gallbladder surgery at New York Hospital before dying in his sleep from a sudden post-operative cardiac arrhythmia.<br/>3. Prior to his diagnosis and operation, Warhol delayed having his recurring gallbladder problems checked, as he was afraid to enter hospitals and see doctors.<br/>4. His family sued the hospital for inadequate care, saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water intoxication.<br/>5. The malpractice case was quickly settled out of court; Warhol's family received an undisclosed sum of money.Warhol's body was taken back to Pittsburgh by his brothers for burial.<br/>6. The wake was at Thomas P. Kunsak Funeral Home and was an open-coffin ceremony.<br/>7. The coffin was a solid bronze casket with gold plated rails and white upholstery.<br/>8. Warhol was dressed in a black cashmere suit, a paisley tie, a platinum wig, and sunglasses.<br/>9. He was posed holding a small prayer book and a red rose.<br/>10. The funeral liturgy was held at the Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church on Pittsburgh's North Side.<br/>11. The eulogy was given by Monsignor Peter Tay.<br/>12. Yoko Ono and John Richardson were speakers.<br/>13. The coffin was covered with white roses and asparagus ferns.<br/>14. After the liturgy, the coffin was driven to St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, a south suburb of Pittsburgh.At the grave, the priest said a brief prayer and sprinkled holy water on the casket.<br/>15. Before the coffin was lowered, Paige Powell dropped a copy of 'Interview' magazine, an 'Interview' T-shirt, and a bottle of the Estee Lauder perfume 'Beautiful' into the grave.<br/>16. Warhol was buried next to his mother and father.<br/>17. A memorial service was held in Manhattan for Warhol on April 1, 1987, at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York.<br/> |
| Salvador_Dalí-Dalí_museums_and_permanent_exhibitions | 5 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Salvador Dalí<br/>Section: Dalí museums and permanent exhibitions<br/><br/>1. • Dalí Theatre and Museum – Figueres, Catalonia, Spain<br/>2. • Salvador Dalí House-Museum - Port Lligat, Catalonia, Spain<br/>3. • Gala Dalí House-Museum - Púbol, Catalonia, Spain<br/>4. • Salvador Dali Museum – St Petersburg, Florida, USA<br/>5. • <strike>Dalí Universe – Venice, Italy </strike><br/>6. • Espace Dalí – Paris, France<br/>7. • Dalí, permanent exhibition - Berlin, Germany<br/> |
| Jackson_Pollock-Early_life | 14 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Jackson Pollock<br/>Section: Early life<br/><br/>1. Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming, in 1912, the youngest of five sons.<br/>2. His parents, Stella May (née McClure) and LeRoy Pollock, were born and grew up in Tingley, Iowa and were educated at Tingley High School.<br/>3. Pollock's mother is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa.<br/>4. His father had been born with the surname McCoy but took the surname of his adoptive parents, neighbors who adopted him after his own parents had died within a year of each other.<br/>5. Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian; they were of Irish and Scots-Irish descent, respectively.<br/>6. LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government, moving for different jobs.<br/>7. Jackson grew up in Arizona and Chico, California.While living in Echo Park, California, he enrolled at Los Angeles' Manual Arts High School, from which he was expelled.<br/>8. He already had been expelled in 1928 from another high school.<br/>9. During his early life, Pollock explored Native American culture while on surveying trips with his father.In 1930, following his older brother Charles Pollock, he moved to New York City, where they both studied under Thomas Hart Benton at the Art Students League.<br/>10. Benton's rural American subject matter had little influence on Pollock's work, but his rhythmic use of paint and his fierce independence were more lasting.<br/>11. From 1938 to 1942, during the Great Depression, Pollock worked for the WPA Federal Art Project.Trying to deal with his established alcoholism, from 1938 through 1941 Pollock underwent Jungian psychotherapy with Dr. Joseph Henderson and later with Dr. Violet Staub de Laszlo in 1941-1942.<br/>12. Henderson engaged him through his art, encouraging Pollock to make drawings.<br/>13. Jungian concepts and archetypes were expressed in his paintings.<br/>14. <strike>Recently historians have hypothesized that Pollock might have had bipolar disorder.</strike><br/> |
| Henri_Matisse-Books/essays | 6 | Category: Art<br/>Title: Henri Matisse<br/>Section: Books/essays<br/><br/>1. • Notes of a Painter, 1908<br/>2. • Painter's Notes on Drawing, 1930.<br/>3. • 'Jazz', 1947<br/>4. • 'Matisse on Art', collected by Jack D. Flam, 1973.<br/>5. ISBN 0-7148-1518-7<br/>6. • <strike> 'Chatting with Henri Matisse: The Lost 1941 Interview', Getty Publications 2013.</strike><br/>7. ISBN 978-1-60606-128-2<br/> |
| Association_football-Governing_bodies | 2 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Association football<br/>Section: Governing bodies<br/><br/>1. The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer) is FIFA.<br/>2. <strike>The FIFA headquarters are located in Zurich.</strike><br/>3. Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:<br/>4. • Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC)<br/>5. • Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)<br/>6. • Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)<br/>7. • North/Central America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)<br/>8. • Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)<br/>9. • South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol/Confederação Sul-americana de Futebol (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)<br/><br/>10. National associations oversee football within individual countries.</br>11. These are generally synonymous with sovereign states, (for example: the Fédération Camerounaise de Football in Cameroon) but also include a smaller number of associations responsible for sub-national entities or autonomous regions (for example the Scottish Football Association in Scotland).<br/>12. 208 national associations are affiliated both with FIFA and with their respective continental confederations.While FIFA is responsible for arranging competitions and most rules related to international competition, the actual Laws of the Game are set by the International Football Association Board, where each of the UK Associations has one vote, while FIFA collectively has four votes.<br/> |
| Football-Irish_and_Australian_varieties | 3 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Football<br/>Section: Irish and Australian varieties<br/><br/>1. • Australian rules football — officially known as 'Australian football', and informally as 'football','footy' or 'Aussie rules'.<br/>2. In some areas it is referred to as 'AFL', the name of the main organising body and competition<br/>3. • <strike>* Auskick — a version of Australian rules designed by the AFL for young children</strike><br/>4. • * Metro footy (or Metro rules footy) — a modified version invented by the USAFL, for use on gridiron fields in North American cities (which often lack grounds large enough for conventional Australian rules matches)<br/>5. • * Kick-to-kick – informal versions of the game<br/>6. • * 9-a-side footy — a more open, running variety of Australian rules, requiring 18 players in total and a proportionally smaller playing area (includes contact and non-contact varieties)<br/>7. • * Rec footy — 'Recreational Football', a modified non-contact variation of Australian rules, created by the AFL, which replaces tackles with tags<br/>8. • * Touch Aussie Rules — a non-contact variation of Australian Rules played only in the United Kingdom<br/>9. • * Samoa rules — localised version adapted to Samoan conditions, such as the use of rugby football fields<br/>10. • * Masters Australian football (a.k.a.<br/>11. 'Superules') — reduced contact version introduced for competitions limited to players over 30 years of age<br/>12. • * Women's Australian rules football — women's competition played with a smaller ball and (sometimes) reduced contact<br/>13. • Gaelic football — Played predominantly in Ireland.<br/>14. Commonly referred to as 'football' or 'Gaelic'<br/>15. • *Ladies Gaelic football<br/>16. • International rules football — a compromise code used for games between Gaelic and Australian Rules players<br/> |
| Baseball-Player_rosters | 2 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Baseball<br/>Section: Player rosters<br/><br/>1. Personnel.Player rosters.Roster, or squad, sizes differ between different leagues and different levels of organized play.<br/>2. <strike>Major League Baseball teams maintain 25-player active rosters.</strike><br/>3. A typical 25-man roster in a league without the DH rule, such as MLB's National League, features:<br/>4. • eight position players—catcher, four infielders, three outfielders—who play on a regular basis<br/>5. • five starting pitchers who constitute the team's pitching rotation or starting rotation<br/>6. • six relief pitchers, including one specialist closer, who constitute the team's bullpen (named for the off-field area where pitchers warm up)<br/>7. • one backup, or substitute, catcher<br/>8. • two backup infielders<br/>9. • two backup outfielders<br/>10. • one specialist pinch hitter, or a second backup catcher, or a seventh reliever<br/> |
| Basketball-Shooting | 10 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Basketball<br/>Section: Shooting<br/><br/>1. Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket, methods varying with players and situations.Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket.<br/>2. A player will rest the ball on the fingertips of the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly above the head, with the other hand supporting the side of the ball.<br/>3. The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not always) and extending the shooting arm.<br/>4. The shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist fully bent, is held stationary for a moment following the release of the ball, known as a 'follow-through'.<br/>5. Players often try to put a steady backspin on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim.<br/>6. The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat controversial, but generally a proper arc is recommended.<br/>7. Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket.The two most common shots that use the above described setup are the 'set-shot' and the 'jump-shot'.<br/>8. The set-shot is taken from a standing position, with neither foot leaving the floor, typically used for free throws, and in other circumstances whilst the jump-shot is taken in mid-air, the ball released near the top of the jump.<br/>9. This provides much greater power and range, and it also allows the player to elevate over the defender.<br/>10. <strike>Failure to release the ball before the feet return to the floor is considered a traveling violation.Another common shot is called the 'lay-up'.</strike><br/>11. This shot requires the player to be in motion toward the basket, and to 'lay' the ball 'up' and into the basket, typically off the backboard (the backboard-free, underhand version is called a 'finger roll').<br/>12. The most crowd-pleasing and typically highest-percentage accuracy shot is the 'slam dunk', in which the player jumps very high and throws the ball downward, through the basket whilst touching it.Another shot that is becoming common is the 'circus shot'.<br/>13. The circus shot is a low-percentage shot that is flipped, heaved, scooped, or flung toward the hoop while the shooter is off-balance, airborne, falling down, and/or facing away from the basket.<br/>14. A back-shot is a shot taken when the player is facing away from the basket, and may be shot with the dominant hand, or both; but there is a very low chance that the shot will be successful.A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to as an 'air-ball'.<br/>15. A particularly bad shot, or one that only hits the backboard, is jocularly called a brick.<br/> |
| Tennis-Junior_tennis | 7 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Tennis<br/>Section: Junior tennis<br/><br/>1. In tennis, a junior is a player 18 and under who is still legally protected by a parent or guardian.<br/>2. Players on the main adult tour who are under 18 must have documents signed by a parent or guardian.<br/>3. These players, however, are still eligible to play in junior tournaments.The International Tennis Federation (ITF) conducts a junior tour that allows juniors to establish a world ranking and an Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) or Women's Tennis Association (WTA) ranking.<br/>4. Most juniors who enter the international circuit do so by progressing through ITF, Satellite, Future, and Challenger tournaments before entering the main circuit.<br/>5. The latter three circuits also have adults competing in them.<br/>6. Some juniors, however, such as Australian Lleyton Hewitt and Frenchman Gaël Monfils, have catapulted directly from the junior tour to the ATP tour by dominating the junior scene or by taking advantage of opportunities given to them to participate in professional tournaments.In 2004, the ITF implemented a new rankings scheme to encourage greater participation in doubles, by combining two rankings (singles and doubles) into one combined tally.<br/>7. <strike>Junior tournaments do not offer prize money except for the Grand Slam tournaments, which are the most prestigious junior events.</strike><br/>8. Juniors may earn income from tennis by participating in the Future, Satellite, or Challenger tours.<br/>9. Tournaments are broken up into different tiers offering different amounts of ranking points, culminating with Grade A.Leading juniors are allowed to participate for their nation in the Junior Fed Cup and Davis Cup competitions.<br/>10. To succeed in tennis often means having to begin playing at a young age.<br/>11. To facilitate and nurture a junior's growth in tennis, almost all tennis playing nations have developed a junior development system.<br/>12. Juniors develop their play through a range of tournaments on all surfaces, accommodating all different standards of play.<br/>13. Talented juniors may also receive sponsorships from governing bodies or private institutions.<br/> |
| Human_swimming-Abstract | 1 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Human swimming<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. <strike>Human swimming is the self propulsion of a person through water or other liquid, for survival, recreation, sport, exercise or other reason.</strike><br/>2. Locomotion is achieved through coordinated movement of the limbs, the body, or both.<br/>3. Humans are able to hold their breath underwater and undertake rudimentary locomotive swimming within weeks of birth, as an evolutionary response.Swimming is consistently found to be among the top recreational activities undertaken by the public, and in some countries, swimming lessons are a compulsory part of the educational curriculum.<br/>4. As a formalized sport, swimming features in a range of local, national and international competitions, including featuring in every modern summer Olympics.<br/> |
| Volleyball-Scoring | 1 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Volleyball<br/>Section: Scoring<br/><br/>1. <strike>When the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or an error is made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a point, whether they served the ball or not.</strike><br/>2. If the ball hits the line, the ball is counted as in.<br/>3. The team that won the point serves for the next point.<br/>4. If the team that won the point served in the previous point, the same player serves again.<br/>5. If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point, the players of the team rotate their position on the court in a clockwise manner.<br/>6. The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points by a two-point margin is awarded the set.<br/>7. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set, if necessary, is usually played to 15 points.<br/>8. (Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high schools sometimes play best-of-three to 25; in the NCAA matches are played best-of-five to 25 as of the 2008 season.<br/>9. )Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve ('side-out scoring') and all sets went up to only 15 points.<br/>10. The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 (with the changes being compulsory in 2000) to use the current scoring system (formerly known as 'rally point system'), primarily to make the length of the match more predictable and to make the game more spectator- and television-friendly.The final year of side-out scoring at the NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Championship was 2000.<br/>11. Rally point scoring debuted in 2001 and games were played to 30 points through 2007.<br/>12. For the 2008 season, games were renamed 'sets' and reduced to 25 points to win.<br/> |
| Golf-Scoring | 3 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Golf<br/>Section: Scoring<br/><br/>1. In every form of play, the goal is to play as few strokes per round as possible.<br/>2. A golfer's score is usually expressed as the difference between the player's number of strokes and the par score.<br/>3. <strike>A hole in one (or an 'ace') occurs when a golfer sinks his ball into the cup with his first stroke from the tee.</strike><br/>4. Common scores for a hole also have specific terms.<br/> |
| Badminton-Comparisons_of_technique | 9 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Badminton<br/>Section: Comparisons of technique<br/><br/>1. Badminton and tennis techniques differ substantially.<br/>2. The lightness of the shuttlecock and of badminton rackets allow badminton players to make use of the wrist and fingers much more than tennis players; in tennis the wrist is normally held stable, and playing with a mobile wrist may lead to injury.<br/>3. For the same reasons, badminton players can generate power from a short racket swing: for some strokes such as net kills, an elite player's swing may be less than .<br/>4. For strokes that require more power, a longer swing will typically be used, but the badminton racket swing will rarely be as long as a typical tennis swing.It is often asserted that power in badminton strokes comes mainly from the wrist.<br/>5. This is a misconception and may be criticised for two reasons.<br/>6. First, it is strictly speaking a category error: the wrist is a joint, not a muscle; the forearm muscles control its movement.<br/>7. Second, wrist movements are weak when compared to forearm or upper arm movements.<br/>8. Badminton biomechanics have not been the subject of extensive scientific study, but some studies confirm the minor role of the wrist in power generation, and indicate that the major contributions to power come from internal and external rotations of the upper and lower arm.<br/>9. <strike>Modern coaching resources such as the 'Badminton England Technique DVD' reflect these ideas by emphasising forearm rotation rather than wrist movements.</strike><br/> |
| Snowboarding-Big_mountain_and_freeride | 2 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Snowboarding<br/>Section: Big mountain and freeride<br/><br/>1. A big mountain contest is one that takes place in open terrain, and challenges riders to find their way down the mountain with the most style and difficulty.<br/>2. <strike>Big mountain events usually take place in powder snow conditions in closed off areas of resorts or in the backcountry.</strike><br/>3. There are a number of big mountain events in Europe, the United States and in New Zealand and this aspect of snowboarding competition is quickly rising in popularity.<br/>4. Snowboarders consider Alaska the pinnacle of this style of riding, being featured in some of the most popular snowboarding videos and has given rise to one of the sport's most popular events, Tailgate Alaska, a yearly gathering of riders on Alaska's Thompson Pass.<br/> |
| Fencing-Abstract | 1 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Fencing<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. <strike>Fencing is the activity of fighting with swords.</strike><br/>2. The most common version of fencing today, also called olympic fencing or competitive fencing, is divided into three weapon categories: foil, sabre and épée.<br/>3. Classical fencing uses the same three weapons, but approaches fencing as a martial art.Competitive fencing is one of five sports which has been featured at every one of the modern Olympic Games, the other four being Athletics, Cycling, Swimming, and Gymnastics.<br/> |
| Archery-Modern_competitive_archery | 4 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Archery<br/>Section: Modern competitive archery<br/><br/>1. Competitive archery involves shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances.<br/>2. This is the most popular form of competitive archery worldwide and is called target archery.<br/>3. A form particularly popular in Europe and America is field archery, shot at targets generally set at various distances in a wooded setting.<br/>4. <strike>Para-Archery is an adaptation of archery for athletes with a disability.</strike><br/>5. It is governed by the World Archery Federation (WA), and is one of the sports in the Summer Paralympic Games.<br/>6. There are also several other lesser-known and historical forms of archery, as well as archery novelty games and flight archery, where the aim is to shoot the greatest distance.<br/> |
| Wrestling-Abstract | 1 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Wrestling<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. <strike>Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling type techniques such as clinch fighting, throws and takedowns, joint locks, pins and other grappling holds.</strike><br/>2. A wrestling bout is a physical competition, between two (occasionally more) competitors or sparring partners, who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position.<br/>3. There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles.<br/>4. Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems.The term 'wrestling' is attested in late Old English, as 'wræstlunge' (glossing 'palestram').<br/> |
| Boxing-Professional_vs._amateur_boxing | 1 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Boxing<br/>Section: Professional vs. amateur boxing<br/><br/>1. <strike>Throughout the 17th through 19th centuries, boxing bouts were motivated by money, as the fighters competed for prize money, promoters controlled the gate, and spectators bet on the result.</strike><br/>2. The modern Olympic movement revived interest in amateur sports, and amateur boxing became an Olympic sport in 1908.<br/>3. In their current form, Olympic and other amateur bouts are typically limited to three or four rounds, scoring is computed by points based on the number of clean blows landed, regardless of impact, and fighters wear protective headgear, reducing the number of injuries, knockdowns, and knockouts.<br/>4. Currently scoring blows in amateur boxing are subjectively counted by ringside judges, but the Australian Institute for Sport has demonstrated a prototype of an Automated Boxing Scoring System, which introduces scoring objectivity, improves safety, and arguably makes the sport more interesting to spectators.<br/>5. Professional boxing remains by far the most popular form of the sport globally, though amateur boxing is dominant in Cuba and some former Soviet republics.<br/>6. For most fighters, an amateur career, especially at the Olympics, serves to develop skills and gain experience in preparation for a professional career.<br/> |
| Marathon-After_a_marathon | 6 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Marathon<br/>Section: After a marathon<br/><br/>1. Marathon participation may result in various medical, musculoskeletal, and dermatological complaints.<br/>2. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common condition affecting runners during the first week following a marathon.<br/>3. Various types of mild exercise or massage have been recommended to alleviate pain secondary to DOMS.<br/>4. Dermatological issues frequently include 'jogger's nipple','jogger's toe', and blisters.The immune system is reportedly suppressed for a short time.<br/>5. Changes to the blood chemistry may lead physicians to mistakenly diagnose heart malfunction.After long training runs and the marathon itself, consuming carbohydrates to replace glycogen stores and protein to aid muscle recovery is commonly recommended.<br/>6. <strike>In addition, soaking the lower half of the body for approximately 20 minutes in cold or ice water may force blood through the leg muscles to speed recovery.</strike><br/> |
| Taekwondo-Other_organizations | 8 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Taekwondo<br/>Section: Other organizations<br/><br/>1. American Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) competitions are very similar, except that different styles of pads and gear are allowed.Apart from WTF and ITF tournaments, major taekwondo competitions (all featuring WTF taekwondo only) include:<br/>2. • Olympic Games<br/>3. • Universiade<br/>4. • Asian Games<br/>5. • South East Asian Games<br/>6. • South Asian Games<br/><br/>7. WTF taekwondo features in all multi-sport games except the Small Island Games.</br>8. <strike>It was accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport in June 2010.</strike><br/> |
| Shooting-Abstract | 3 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Shooting<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. Shooting is the act or process of firing firearms or other projectile weapons such as bows or crossbows.<br/>2. Even the firing of artillery, rockets, and missiles can be called shooting.<br/>3. <strike>A person who specializes in shooting is a marksman.</strike><br/>4. Shooting can take place in a shooting range or in the field in hunting, in shooting sports, or in combat.<br/> |
| Judo-Judo_versus_Jujutsu | 4 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Judo<br/>Section: Judo versus Jujutsu<br/><br/>1. versus Jujutsu.Central to Kano's vision for judo were the principles of and .<br/>2. He illustrated the application of 'seiryoku zen'yō' with the concept of :Kano realised that 'seiryoku zen'yō', initially conceived as a Jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application.<br/>3. Coupled with the Confucianist-influenced 'jita kyōei', the wider application shaped the development of judo from a to a .<br/>4. <strike>Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasised the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques.</strike><br/>5. He was convinced that practice of Jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general.<br/>6. He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of Jujutsu:Kano believed that 'Jūjutsu' was insufficient to describe his art: although means 'art' or 'means', it implies a method consisting of a collection of physical techniques.<br/>7. Accordingly, he changed the second character to , meaning way, road or path, which implies a more philosophical context than 'jutsu' and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of 'tao'.<br/>8. Thus Kano renamed it .<br/> |
| Table_tennis-Chop | 4 | Category: Sport<br/>Title: Table tennis<br/>Section: Chop<br/><br/>1. A chop is the defensive, backspin counterpart to the offensive loop drive.<br/>2. A chop is essentially a bigger, heavier push, taken well back from the table.<br/>3. The racket face points primarily horizontally, perhaps a little bit upward, and the direction of the stroke is straight down.<br/>4. <strike>The object of a defensive chop is to match the topspin of the opponent's shot with backspin.</strike><br/>5. A good chop will float nearly horizontally back to the table, in some cases having so much backspin that the ball actually 'rises'.<br/>6. Such a chop can be 'extremely' difficult to return due to its enormous amount of backspin.<br/>7. Some defensive players can also impart no-spin or sidespin variations of the chop.<br/> |
| United_States-Sports | 10 | Category: Country<br/>Title: United States<br/>Section: Sports<br/><br/>1. The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.<br/>2. Baseball has been regarded as the national sport since the late 19th century, while American football is now by several measures the most popular spectator sport.<br/>3. Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports.<br/>4. These four major sports, when played professionally, each occupy a season at different, but overlapping, times of the year.<br/>5. College football and basketball attract large audiences.<br/>6. Boxing and horse racing were once the most watched individual sports, but they have been eclipsed by golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR.<br/>7. In the 21st century, televised mixed martial arts has also gained a strong following of regular viewers.<br/>8. While soccer is less popular in the United States than in many other nations, the men's national soccer team has been to the past six World Cups and the women are #1 in the women's world rankings.While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, snowboarding, and cheerleading are American inventions, some of which have become popular in other countries.<br/>9. Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact.<br/>10. <strike>Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States.</strike><br/>11. The United States has won 2,400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, more than any other country, and 281 in the Winter Olympic Games, the second most by 2014.<br/> |
| China-Ethnic_groups | 3 | Category: Country<br/>Title: China<br/>Section: Ethnic groups<br/><br/>1. China officially recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups, the largest ofwhich are the Han Chinese, who constitute about 91.51% of the totalpopulation.<br/>2. The Han Chinese – the world's largest single ethnic group – outnumber other ethnic groups in every provincial-level division except Tibet and Xinjiang.<br/>3. <strike>Ethnic minorities account for about 8.49% of the population of China, according tothe 2010 census.</strike><br/>4. Compared with the 2000 population census, the Han population increased by 66,537,177 persons, or 5.74%, while the population of the 55 national minorities combined increased by 7,362,627 persons, or 6.92%.<br/>5. The 2010 census recorded a total of 593,832 foreign citizens living in China.<br/>6. The largest such groups were from South Korea (120,750), theUnited States (71,493) and Japan (66,159).<br/> |
| Russia-Geography | 2 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Russia<br/>Section: Geography<br/><br/>1. Russia is the largest country in the world; its total area is .<br/>2. <strike>There are 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia, 40 UNESCO biosphere reserves, 41 national parks and 101 nature reserves.</strike><br/>3. It lies between latitudes 41° and 82° N, and longitudes 19° E and 169° W.Russia has a wide natural resource base, including major deposits of timber, petroleum, natural gas, coal, ores and other mineral resources.<br/> |
| England-Economy | 7 | Category: Country<br/>Title: England<br/>Section: Economy<br/><br/>1. England's economy is one of the largest in the world, with an average GDP per capita of £22,907.<br/>2. Usually regarded as a mixed market economy, it has adopted many free market principles, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure.<br/>3. The official currency in England is the pound sterling, whose ISO 4217 code is GBP.<br/>4. Taxation in England is quite competitive when compared to much of the rest of Europe—as of 2009 the basic rate of personal tax is 20% on taxable income up to £37,400, and 40% on any additional earnings above that amount.The economy of England is the largest part of the UK's economy, which has the 18th highest GDP PPP per capita in the world.<br/>5. England is a leader in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly aerospace, the arms industry, and the manufacturing side of the software industry.<br/>6. London, home to the London Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's main stock exchange and the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre—100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations are based in London.<br/>7. <strike>London is the largest financial centre in Europe, and is also the largest in the world.The Bank of England, founded in 1694 by Scottish banker William Paterson, is the United Kingdom's central bank.</strike><br/>8. Originally established as private banker to the Government of England, since 1946 it has been a state-owned institution.<br/>9. The Bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, although not in other parts of the United Kingdom.<br/>10. The government has devolved responsibility to the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates.England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more service industry oriented economy.<br/>11. Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year.<br/>12. The export part of the economy is dominated by pharmaceuticals, cars—although many English marques are now foreign-owned, such as Rolls-Royce, Lotus, Jaguar and Bentley—crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea oil along with Wytch Farm, aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages.<br/>13. Agriculture is intensive and highly mechanised, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.<br/>14. Two thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the other to arable crops.<br/> |
| France-Cinema | 4 | Category: Country<br/>Title: France<br/>Section: Cinema<br/><br/>1. France has historical and strong links with cinema, with two Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the Lumière Brothers) having created cinema in 1895.<br/>2. France remains a leader in filmmaking, as of 2006 producing more films than any other European country.<br/>3. The nation also hosts the Cannes Festival, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world.Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, France is the only nation in the world where American films make up the smallest share of total film revenues, at 50%, compared with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan.<br/>4. <strike>French films account for 35% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national film revenues in the developed world outside the United States, compared to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK.Until recently, France had for centuries been the cultural center of the world, although its dominant position has been surpassed by the United States.</strike><br/>5. Subsequently, France takes steps in protecting and promoting its culture, becoming a leading advocate of the cultural exception.<br/>6. The nation succeeded in convincing all EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalized sectors of the WTO in 1993.Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a voting in the UNESCO in 2005, and the principle of 'cultural exception' won an overwhelming victory: 198 countries voted for it, only 2 countries, the U.S and Israel, voted against it.<br/> |
| South_Korea-Environment | 1 | Category: Country<br/>Title: South Korea<br/>Section: Environment<br/><br/>1. <strike>During the first 20 years of South Korea's growth surge, little effort was made to preserve the environment.</strike><br/>2. Unchecked industrialization and urban development have resulted in deforestation and the ongoing destruction of wetlands such as the Songdo Tidal Flat.<br/>3. However, there have been recent efforts to balance these problems, including a government run five-year green growth project that aims to boost energy efficiency and green technology.The green-based economic strategy is a comprehensive overhaul of South Korea's economy, utilizing nearly two percent of the national GDP.<br/>4. The greening initiative includes such efforts as a nationwide bike network, solar and wind energy, lowering oil dependent vehicles, backing daylight savings and extensive usage of environmentally friendly technologies such as LEDs in electronics and lighting.<br/>5. The country – already the world's most wired – plans to build a nationwide next-generation network which will be 10 times faster than broadband facilities in order to reduce energy usage.The renewable portfolio standard program with renewable energy certificates runs from 2012 to 2022.<br/>6. Quota systems favor large, vertically integrated generators and multinational electric utilities, if only because certificates are generally denominated in units of one megawatt-hour.<br/>7. They are also more difficult to design and implement than an a Feed-in tariff.Lauber, V. (2004).<br/>8. 'REFIT and RPS: Options for a harmonized Community framework,' Energy Policy, Vol.<br/>9. 32, Issue 12, pp.1405–1414.Lauber, V. (2008).<br/>10. 'Certificate Trading – Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem?<br/>11. 'Ljubljana Conference on the Future of GHG Emissions Trading in the EU, March 2008.<br/>12. Salzburg, Austria: University of Salzburg.<br/>13. Retrieved 16 March 2009 at: www.uni-salzburg.at/politikwissenschaft/lauber</ref> Around 350 residential micro combined heat and power units where installed in 2012.Seoul's tap water recently became safe to drink, with city officials branding it 'Arisu' in a bid to convince the public.<br/>14. Efforts have also been made with afforestation projects.<br/>15. Another multi-billion dollar project was the restoration of Cheonggyecheon, a stream running through downtown Seoul that had earlier been paved over by a motorway.One major challenge is air quality, with acid rain, sulfur oxides, and annual yellow dust storms being particular problems.<br/>16. It is acknowledged that many of these difficulties are a result of South Korea's proximity to China, which is a major air polluter.South Korea is a member of the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity Treaty, Kyoto Protocol (forming the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG), regarding UNFCCC, with Mexico and Switzerland), Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (not into force), Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, and Whaling.<br/> |
| Japan-Infrastructure | 11 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Japan<br/>Section: Infrastructure<br/><br/>1. , 46.1 percent of energy in Japan was produced from petroleum, 21.3 percent from coal, 21.4 percent from natural gas, 4.0 percent from nuclear power, and 3.3 percent from hydropower.<br/>2. Nuclear power produced 9.2 percent of Japan's electricity, as of 2011, down from 24.9 percent the previous year.<br/>3. However, as of May 5, 2012, all of the country's nuclear power plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, though government officials have been continuing to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some of Japan's 50 nuclear reactors to service.<br/>4. Given its heavy dependence on imported energy, Japan has aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency.Japan's road spending has been extensive.<br/>5. Its 1.2 million kilometers of paved road are the main means of transportation.<br/>6. A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and is operated by toll-collecting enterprises.<br/>7. New and used cars are inexpensive; car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy efficiency.<br/>8. However, at just 50 percent of all distance traveled, car usage is the lowest of all G8 countries.Dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; major companies include seven JR enterprises, Kintetsu Corporation, Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation.<br/>9. Some 250 high-speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities and Japanese trains are known for their safety and punctuality.<br/>10. Proposals for a new Maglev route between Tokyo and Osaka are at an advanced stage.<br/>11. <strike>There are 173 airports in Japan; the largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport, is Asia's second-busiest airport.</strike><br/>12. The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport, Kansai International Airport and Chūbu Centrair International Airport.<br/>13. Nagoya Port is the country's largest and busiest port, accounting for 10 percent of Japan's trade value.<br/> |
| India-Society | 14 | Category: Country<br/>Title: India<br/>Section: Society<br/><br/>1. Traditional Indian society is sometimes defined by social hierarchy.<br/>2. The Indian caste system embodies much of the social stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent.<br/>3. Social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as 'jātis', or 'castes'.<br/>4. India declared the caste system and untouchability to be illegal in 1947 and has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives.<br/>5. At the workplace in urban India and in international or leading Indian companies, the caste related identification has pretty much lost its importance.<br/>6. Family values are important in the Indian tradition, and multi-generational patriarchal joint families have been the norm in India, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban areas.<br/>7. An overwhelming majority of Indians, with their consent, have their marriages arranged by their parents or other family members.<br/>8. Marriage is thought to be for life, and the divorce rate is extremely low.<br/>9. Child marriages are common, especially in rural areas; many women in India wed before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age.<br/>10. Female infanticide in India and female foeticide in India have caused a discrepancy in the sex ratio, as of 2005 it was estimated that there were 50 million more males than females in the nation.<br/>11. However the recent report from 2011 shown improvement among the gender ratio.<br/>12. The payment of Dowry, although illegal, remains widespread across class lines.<br/>13. Deaths resulting from dowry, mostly from bride burning, is on the rise.Many Indian festivals are religious in origin; among them are Chhath, Christmas, Diwali, Durga Puja, Bakr-Id, Eid ul-Fitr, Ganesh Chaturthi, Holi, Makar Sankranti or Uttarayan, Navratri, Thai Pongal, and Vaisakhi.<br/>14. <strike>India has three national holidays which are observed in all states and union territories: Republic Day, Independence Day, and Gandhi Jayanti.</strike><br/>15. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states.Throughout India, many people practice customs and religious rituals, such as 'samskara,' which is a series of 'personal sacraments and rites conducted at various stages throughout life.'<br/> |
| Indonesia-Foreign_relations_and_military | 9 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Indonesia<br/>Section: Foreign relations and military<br/><br/>1. In contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathy to western powers and tensions with Malaysia, Indonesia's foreign relations since the Suharto 'New Order' have been based on economic and political cooperation with Western nations.<br/>2. Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbors in Asia, and is a founding member of ASEAN and the East Asia Summit.<br/>3. The nation restored relations with the People's Republic of China in 1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purges early in the Suharto era.<br/>4. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, and was a founder of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC, now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation).<br/>5. Indonesia is signatory to the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, the Cairns Group, and the WTO, and has historically been a member of OPEC, although it withdrew in 2008 as it was no longer a net exporter of oil.<br/>6. Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid since 1966, in particular from the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.The Indonesian Government has worked with other countries to apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militant Islamism and Al-Qaeda.<br/>7. The deadliest bombing killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the Bali resort town of Kuta in 2002.<br/>8. The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.Indonesia's armed forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI–AD), Navy (TNI–AL, which includes marines), and Air Force (TNI–AU).<br/>9. <strike>The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel.</strike><br/>10. Defense spending in the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations.<br/>11. One of the reforms following the 1998 resignation of Suharto was the removal of formal TNI representation in parliament; nevertheless, its political influence remains extensive.Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.<br/>12. Following a sporadic thirty-year guerrilla war between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.<br/>13. In Papua, there has been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.<br/> |
| Brazil-Demographics | 4 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Brazil<br/>Section: Demographics<br/><br/>1. The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million (), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1 and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.<br/>2. The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1 million inhabitants.The first census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and recorded a population of 9,930,478.<br/>3. From 1880 to 1930, 4 million Europeans arrived.<br/>4. <strike>Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the mortality rate, even though the birth rate underwent a slight decline.</strike><br/>5. In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years and to 72.6 years in 2007.It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050 thus completing the demographic transition.In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48% and among the youth (ages 15–19) 1.74%.<br/>6. It was highest (20.30%) in the Northeast, which had a large proportion of rural poor.<br/>7. Illiteracy was high (24.18%) among the rural population and lower (9.05%) among the urban population.<br/> |
| Pakistan-Colonial_period | 5 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Pakistan<br/>Section: Colonial period<br/><br/>1. The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth century enabled Sikh rulers to control large areas until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia.<br/>2. The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was the region's major armed struggle against the British.The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian National Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s.The All-India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics.<br/>3. In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, Muhammad Iqbal called for 'the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State' consisting of Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan.<br/>4. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, espoused the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.<br/>5. <strike>In early 1947, Britain announced the decision to end its rule in India.</strike><br/>6. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of British India—including Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad representing the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence.The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the Islamic Calendar) in the eastern and northwestern regions of British India, where there was a Muslim majority.<br/>7. It comprised the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh.<br/>8. The partition of the Punjab and Bengal provinces led to communal riots across India and Pakistan; millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India.<br/>9. Dispute over Jammu and Kashmir led to the First Kashmir War.<br/> |
| Nigeria-Democratization_(1999-) | 1 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Nigeria<br/>Section: Democratization (1999-)<br/><br/>1. <strike>Democratization (1999-).Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria ending almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999) excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998.Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development.Ethnic violence over the oil producing Niger Delta region and inadequate infrastructures are some of the issues in the country.</strike><br/>2. Umaru Yar'Adua of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) came into power in the general election of 2007 – an election that was witnessed and condemned by the international community as being severely flawed.Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010.<br/>3. Dr. Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's replacement on 6 May 2010, becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State, while his vice, a former Kaduna State governor, Namadi Sambo, an architect, was chosen on 18 May 2010, by the National Assembly following President Goodluck Jonathan's nomination for Sambo to be his Vice-President.Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted.<br/>4. Goodluck Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election by a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast.The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud in contrast to previous elections.<br/> |
| Mexico-Culture | 5 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Mexico<br/>Section: Culture<br/><br/>1. <br/>2. [[File:Frida Kahlo Diego Rivera 1932.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frida Kahlo with Diego Rivera in 1932, photography byCarl van Vechten.<br/>3. ]]Mexican culture reflects the complexity of the country's history through the blending of indigenous cultures and the culture of Spain, imparted during Spain's 300-year colonization of Mexico.<br/>4. Exogenous cultural elements have been incorporated into Mexican culture as time have passed.The Porfirian era ('el Porfiriato'), in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, was marked by economic progress and peace.<br/>5. <strike>After four decades of civil unrest and war, Mexico saw the development of philosophy and the arts, promoted by President Díaz himself.</strike><br/>6. Since that time, as accentuated during the Mexican Revolution, cultural identity has had its foundation in the 'mestizaje', of which the indigenous (i.e.<br/>7. Amerindian) element is the core.<br/>8. In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, José Vasconcelos in his publication 'La Raza Cósmica' (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the 'mestizo') not only biologically but culturally as well.<br/> |
| Vietnam-Administrative_subdivisions | 1 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Vietnam<br/>Section: Administrative subdivisions<br/><br/>1. <strike>Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces (Vietnamese: 'tỉnh', from the Chinese 省,'shěng').</strike><br/>2. There are also five municipalities ('thành phố trực thuộc trung ương'), which are administratively on the same level as provinces.The provinces are subdivided into provincial municipalities ('thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh'), townships ('thị xã') and counties ('huyện'), which are in turn subdivided into towns ('thị trấn') or communes ('xã').<br/>3. The centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into districts ('quận') and counties, which are further subdivided into wards ('phường').<br/> |
| Egypt-Ptolemaic_and_Roman_Egypt | 4 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Egypt<br/>Section: Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt<br/><br/>1. The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia.<br/>2. Alexandria became the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade.<br/>3. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs.<br/>4. <strike>The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled.The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome.</strike><br/>5. Nevertheless Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.Christianity was brought to Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the 1st century.<br/>6. Diocletian's reign marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt, when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted.<br/>7. The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian.<br/>8. After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established.<br/> |
| Turkey-Military | 1 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Turkey<br/>Section: Military<br/><br/>1. <strike>Turkey has the second largest standing armed force in NATO, after the US Armed Forces, with an estimated strength of 495,000 deployable forces, according to a 2011 NATO estimate.</strike><br/>2. Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.<br/>3. A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO.The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Force.<br/>4. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which they have both internal law enforcement and military functions.The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Prime Minister.<br/>5. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country.<br/>6. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament.<br/>7. The actual Commander of the Armed Forces is the Chief of the General Staff General Necdet Özel since 4 August 2011.Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to a year, dependent on education and job location.<br/>8. Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service.<br/> |
| Germany-Constituent_states | 5 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Germany<br/>Section: Constituent states<br/><br/>1. Germany comprises sixteen states which are collectively referred to as 'Länder'.<br/>2. </ref>Each state has its own state constitution and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation.<br/>3. Because of differences in size and population the subdivisions of these states vary, especially as between city states ('Stadtstaaten') and states with larger territories ('Flächenländer').<br/>4. For regional administrative purposes five states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony, consist of a total of 22 Government Districts ('Regierungsbezirke').<br/>5. <strike>Germany is divided into 403 districts ('Kreise') at a municipal level; these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts.</strike><br/> |
| Thailand-Internet | 1 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Thailand<br/>Section: Internet<br/><br/>1. <strike>In Bangkok, there are 23,000 free wi-fi internet hotspots provided to the public.</strike><br/>2. The Internet in Thailand also consists of 10Gbit/s high speed fiber-optic lines that can be leased and ISP's such as KIRZ that provide residential internet services.The internet is censored by the Thai government, making some sites unreachable.<br/>3. Organisations involved are the Royal Thai Police, the Communications Authority of Thailand, and the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT).<br/> |
| Italy-Foreign_relations | 2 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Italy<br/>Section: Foreign relations<br/><br/>1. Italy is a founding member of the European Community, now the European Union (EU), and of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).<br/>2. <strike>Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and strong supporter of a wide number of international organizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the Central European Initiative.</strike><br/>3. Its recent turns in the rotating presidency of international organisations include the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), the forerunner of the OSCE, in 1994; G8; and the EU in 2009 and from July to December 2003.Italy strongly supports multilateral international politics, endorsing the United Nations and its international security activities.<br/>4. As of 2013, Italy was deploying 5,296 troops abroad, engaged in 33 UN and NATO missions in 25 countries of the world.<br/>5. Italy deployed troops in support of UN peacekeeping missions in Somalia, Mozambique, and East Timor and provides support for NATO and UN operations in Bosnia, Kosovo and Albania.<br/>6. Italy deployed over 2,000 troops in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) from February 2003.<br/>7. Italy still supports international efforts to reconstruct and stabilize Iraq, but it had withdrawn its military contingent of some 3,200 troops by November 2006, maintaining only humanitarian operators and other civilian personnel.In August 2006 Italy deployed about 2,450 troops in Lebanon for the United Nations' peacekeeping mission UNIFIL.<br/>8. Italy is one of the largest financiers of the Palestinian National Authority, contributing € 60 million in 2013 alone.<br/> |
| Canada-Geography | 13 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Canada<br/>Section: Geography<br/><br/>1. Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing land borders with the contiguous United States to the south (the longest border between two countries in the world) and the US state of Alaska to the northwest.<br/>2. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean.<br/>3. Greenland is to the northeast, while Saint Pierre and Miquelon is south of Newfoundland.<br/>4. By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia.<br/>5. By land area alone, Canada ranks fourth.<br/>6. The country lies between latitudes 41° and 84°N, and longitudes 52° and 141°W.Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60° and 141°W longitude, but this claim is not universally recognized.<br/>7. Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island – latitude 82.5°N – which lies from the North Pole.<br/>8. Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost.<br/>9. Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of ; additionally, its border with the United States is the world's longest land border, stretching .Since the end of the last glacial period, Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive boreal forest on the Canadian Shield.<br/>10. Canada has around 31,700 large lakes, more than any other country, containing much of the world's fresh water.There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and the Coast Mountains.Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.<br/>11. The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia.<br/>12. The eruption produced a lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.Canada's population density, at , is among the lowest in the world.<br/>13. <strike>The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region.</strike><br/>14. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below with severe wind chills.<br/>15. In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round.<br/>16. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter.<br/>17. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from , with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding .<br/> |
| Spain-Religion | 6 | Category: Country<br/>Title: Spain<br/>Section: Religion<br/><br/>1. Roman Catholicism has long been the main religion of Spain, and although it no longer has official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either a religion or ethics class, and Catholicism is the only religion officially taught.<br/>2. According to an April 2012 study by the Spanish Center of Sociological Research about 71% of Spaniards self-identify as Catholics, 2.7% other faith, and about 24% identify with no religion (9.4% of the total are atheists).<br/>3. Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services.<br/>4. This same study shows that of the Spaniards who identify themselves as religious, 59% hardly ever or never go to church, 15% go to church some times a year, 8% some time per month and 14% every Sunday or multiple times per week.Altogether, about 22% of the entire Spanish population attends religious services at least once per month.<br/>5. Though Spanish society has become considerably more secular in recent decades, the influx of Latin American immigrants, who tend to be strong Catholic practitioners, has helped the Catholic Church to recover.Protestant churches have about 1,200,000 members.<br/>6. <strike>There are about 105,000 Jehovah's Witnesses.</strike><br/>7. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has approximately 46,000 adherents in 133 congregations in all regions of the country and has a temple in the Moratalaz District of Madrid.A study made by 'Unión de comunidades islámicas de España' demonstrated that there were about 1,700,000 inhabitants of Muslim background living in Spain as of 2012, accounting for 3-4% of the total population of Spain.<br/>8. The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating from Morocco and other African countries.<br/>9. More than 514,000 (30%) of them had Spanish nationality.The recent waves of immigration have also led to an increasing number of Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Muslims.After the Reconquista in 1492, Muslims did not live in Spain for centuries.<br/>10. Late 19th-century colonial expansion in northwestern Africa gave a number of residents in Spanish Morocco and Western Sahara full citizenship.<br/>11. Their ranks have since been bolstered by recent immigration, especially from Morocco and Algeria.Judaism was practically non-existent in Spain from the 1492 expulsion until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country.<br/>12. Currently there are around 62,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.14% of the total population.<br/>13. Most are arrivals in the past century, while some are descendants of earlier Spanish Jews.<br/>14. Approximately 80,000 Jews are thought to have lived in Spain on the eve of the Spanish Inquisition.<br/> |
| The_Lord_of_the_Rings-Influences | 14 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: The Lord of the Rings<br/>Section: Influences<br/><br/>1. The influence of the Welsh language, which Tolkien had learnt, is summarised in his essay English and Welsh: 'If I may once more refer to my work.<br/>2. The Lord of the Rings, in evidence: the names of persons and places in this story were mainly composed on patterns deliberately modelled on those of Welsh (closely similar but not identical).<br/>3. This element in the tale has given perhaps more pleasure to more readers than anything else in it.<br/>4. 'The Lord of the Rings' developed as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology, religion (particularly Roman Catholicism), fairy tales, Norse and general Germanic mythology, and also Celtic, Slavic, Persian, Greek, and Finnish mythology.<br/>5. Tolkien acknowledged, and external critics have verified, the influences of George MacDonald and William Morris and the Anglo-Saxon poem 'Beowulf'.<br/>6. The question of a direct influence of Wagner's 'The Nibelung's Ring' on Tolkien's work is debated by critics.Tolkien included neither any explicit religion nor cult in his work.<br/>7. Rather the themes, moral philosophy, and cosmology of the Lord of the Rings reflect his Catholic worldview.<br/>8. In one of his letters Tolkien states,'The Lord of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work; unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision.<br/>9. That is why I have not put in, or have cut out, practically all references to anything like 'religion', to cults or practices, in the imaginary world.<br/>10. For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism.<br/>11. 'Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien's childhood in Birmingham, where he first lived near Sarehole Mill, and later near Edgbaston Reservoir.<br/>12. There are also hints of the Black Country, which is within easy reach of north west Edgbaston.<br/>13. This shows in such names as 'Underhill', and the description of Saruman's industrialisation of Isengard and The Shire.<br/>14. <strike>It has also been suggested that The Shire and its surroundings were based on the countryside around Stonyhurst College in Lancashire where Tolkien frequently stayed during the 1940s.</strike><br/>15. The work was influenced by the effects of his military service during World War I, to the point that Frodo has been 'diagnosed' as suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, or 'shell-shock,' which was first diagnosed at the Battle of the Somme, at which Tolkien served.<br/> |
| The_Terminator-Release-1 | 1 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: The Terminator<br/>Section: Release-1<br/><br/>1. <strike>Release.The soundtrack album was originally released through Enigma Records.</strike><br/>2. It was followed by a CD and cassette reissue on July 1, 1991 through DCC Compact Classics.<br/>3. A remastered edition entitled 'The Definitive Edition' was released on August 22, 1995 through Edel AG.<br/>4. This edition contained a 73-minute running time and included a bonus track the 'Judgement Day Remix' of 'Theme from The Terminator.'<br/>5. The liner notes of the album contained extensive annotations for each track.<br/> |
| Terminator_Salvation-Box_office | 4 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: Terminator Salvation<br/>Section: Box office<br/><br/>1. The film's first nationwide U.S. screenings were at 12 A.M. on Thursday, May 21, 2009, making $3 million from midnight screenings and earning $13.3 million in its first day and grossed an additional $42,558,390 on its 4-day Memorial Day opening weekend from 3,530 theaters.<br/>2. It debuted at #2 behind ', giving it a lower first weekend take than its predecessor, becoming the first film in the series not to open at #1 and failing to meet Boxoffice Magazine predictions by 50%.<br/>3. 'Terminator Salvation' was more successful in its international release, opening at #1 in 66 of 70 territories through the first week of June, and continuing to be the highest-grossing film in the following week.<br/>4. <strike>The film's total domestic gross was $125,322,469, along with $246,030,532 from overseas territories, for a worldwide gross of $371,353,001.</strike><br/>5. As of December 2009, the film ranks 14th for the year internationally and 23rd domestically (U.S. and Canada), which ranks it last in the series and puts it below initial expectations in terms of domestic gross and first weekend, as well as overall global take.<br/> |
| Shrek-Music | 2 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: Shrek<br/>Section: Music<br/><br/>1. <br/>2. <strike>'Shrek' is the third DreamWorks animated film (and the only film in the Shrek series) to have Harry Gregson-Williams team up with John Powell to composes the score (after 'Antz' (1998) and 'Chicken Run' (2000)).</strike><br/>3. 'Shrek' introduced a new element to give the film a unique feel.<br/>4. The film used pop music and other Oldies to make the story more forward.<br/>5. Covers of songs like 'On the Road Again' and 'Try a Little Tenderness' were integrated in the film's score.<br/>6. As the film was about to be completed, Katzenberg suggested to the filmmakers to redo the film's ending in order to 'go out with a big laugh'; Instead of ending film with just a storybook closing over Shrek and Fiona as they ride off into the sunset, they decided to add a song 'I'm a Believer' covered by Smash Mouth and show all the fairytale creatures in the film.Although Rufus Wainwright's version of the song 'Hallelujah' appeared in the soundtrack album, it was John Cale's version that appeared in the film; in a radio interview, Rufus Wainwright suggested that his version of 'Hallelujah' did not appear in the film due to the 'glass ceiling' he was hitting because of his sexuality.<br/>7. An alternate explanation posits that because Wainwright was an artist for DreamWorks and John Cale was not, thus licensing issues prohibited Cale's version from appearing in the soundtrack album, despite having the filmmakers wanting to have Cale's version appear in the film.<br/> |
| Toy_Story-Music | 12 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: Toy Story<br/>Section: Music<br/><br/>1. Disney was concerned with Lasseter's position on the use of music.<br/>2. Unlike other Disney films of the time, Lasseter did not want the film to be a musical, saying it was a buddy film featuring 'real toys.'<br/>3. Joss Whedon agreed saying,'It would have been a really bad musical, because it's a buddy movie.<br/>4. It's about people who won't admit what they want, much less sing about it.<br/>5. ...<br/>6. Buddy movies are about sublimating, punching an arm, 'I hate you.'<br/>7. It's not about open emotion.'<br/>8. However, Disney favored the musical format, claiming 'Musicals are our orientation.<br/>9. Characters breaking into song is a great shorthand.<br/>10. It takes some of the onus off what they're asking for.'<br/>11. Disney and Pixar reached a compromise: the characters in 'Toy Story' would not break into song, but the film would use songs over the action, as in 'The Graduate', to convey and amplify the emotions that Buzz and Woody were feeling.<br/>12. <strike>Disney tapped Randy Newman to compose the film.</strike><br/>13. The edited 'Toy Story' was due to Randy Newman and Gary Rydstrom in late September 1995 for their final work on the score and sound design, respectively.Lasseter claimed 'His songs are touching, witty, and satirical, and he would deliver the emotional underpinning for every scene.'<br/>14. Newman developed the film's signature song 'You've Got a Friend in Me' in one day.<br/> |
| Kung_Fu_Panda-Online_games | 2 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: Kung Fu Panda<br/>Section: Online games<br/><br/>1. Two popular online games,'The Adversary' and 'The Field of Fiery Danger', were created by Playniac to accompany the movie release.<br/>2. <strike>'The Adversary' is based on the moment where the main character Po, voiced by Jack Black, attacks a punchbag and underestimates its response.</strike><br/>3. 'The Field of Fiery Danger' is based on scenes where Po accidentally falls into the pit of fire spouting tubes and also the moment where the kung fu master Shifu realizes that the only way to get through to Po is with food.<br/>4. Both games have 20 challenging levels and were featured as game of the week on the Nickelodeon web site.<br/> |
| The_Shawshank_Redemption-Abstract | 1 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: The Shawshank Redemption<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. <strike>The Shawshank Redemption is a 1994 American drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont and starring Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman.Adapted from the Stephen King novella 'Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption', the film tells the story of Andy Dufresne, a banker who spends 19 years in Shawshank State Prison for the murder of his wife and her lover despite his claims of innocence.</strike><br/>2. During his time at the prison, he befriends a fellow inmate, Ellis Boyd 'Red' Redding, and finds himself protected by the guards after the warden begins using him in his money laundering operation.Despite a lukewarm box office reception that barely recouped its budget, the film received multiple award nominations and favorable reviews from critics for its acting and realism.<br/>3. It has since enjoyed a remarkable life on cable television, VHS, DVD, and Blu-ray.<br/>4. It was included in the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Movies 10th Anniversary Edition.<br/> |
| The_Godfather-Critical_response | 13 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: The Godfather<br/>Section: Critical response<br/><br/>1. Since its release,'The Godfather' has received critical acclaim.<br/>2. Rotten Tomatoes reports that all 77 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 9.1/10.<br/>3. Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a perfect weighted average score of 100 (out of 100) based on 14 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be 'universal acclaim'.Both 'The Godfather' and 'The Godfather Part II' were selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1990 and 1993, respectively.<br/>4. International critics routinely list these two among cinema's pinnacle achievements, sometimes considering them as one work.<br/>5. In the decennial 2002 'Sight & Sound' poll of film directors, the pair was ranked as the second best film of all time.<br/>6. The critics poll separately voted it fourth.<br/>7. The American Film Institute has listed it second in U.S. film history behind 'Citizen Kane'.<br/>8. Other polls and publications have it first, as well, among them 'Entertainment Weekly', and 'Empire' magazine (November 2008)The soundtrack's main theme by Nino Rota was also critically acclaimed; the main theme ('Speak Softly Love') is well-known and widely used (see Score Controversy for more information).Director Stanley Kubrick believed that 'The Godfather' was possibly the greatest movie ever made, and had without question the best cast.Previous Mafia movies had looked at the gangs from the perspective of an outraged outsider.<br/>9. In contrast,'The Godfather' presents the gangster's perspective of the Mafia as a response to corrupt society.<br/>10. Although the Corleone family is presented as immensely rich and powerful, no scenes depict prostitution, gambling, loan sharking or other forms of racketeering.<br/>11. Some critics argue that the setting of a criminal counterculture allows for unapologetic gender stereotyping, and is an important part of the film's appeal ('You can act like a man!<br/>12. ', Don Vito tells a weepy Johnny Fontane).Real-life gangsters responded enthusiastically to the film, with many of them feeling it was a portrayal of how they were supposed to act.<br/>13. <strike>Salvatore 'Sammy the Bull' Gravano, the former underboss in the Gambino crime family, stated: 'I left the movie stunned ...</strike><br/>14. I mean I floated out of the theater.<br/>15. Maybe it was fiction, but for me, then, that was our life.<br/>16. It was incredible.<br/>17. I remember talking to a multitude of guys, made guys, who felt exactly the same way. '<br/>18. According to Anthony Fiato after seeing the film, Patriarca crime family members Paulie Intiso and Nicky Giso altered their speech patterns closer to that of Vito Corleone's.<br/>19. Intiso would frequently swear and use poor grammar; but after the movie came out, he started to articulate and philosophize more.Remarking on the 40th anniversary of the film's release, film critic John Podhoretz praised 'The Godfather' as 'arguably 'the' great American work of popular art' and 'the summa of all great moviemaking before it'.<br/>20. Two years before, Roger Ebert wrote in his journal that it 'comes closest to being a film everyone agrees... is unquestionably great.'<br/> |
| Fight_Club-Writing | 5 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: Fight Club<br/>Section: Writing<br/><br/>1. Screenwriter Jim Uhls started working on an early draft of the adapted screenplay, which excluded a voice-over because the industry perceived at the time that the technique was 'hackneyed and trite'.<br/>2. When Fincher joined the film, he thought that the film should have a voice-over, believing that the film's humor came from the narrator's voice.<br/>3. The director described the film without a voice-over as seemingly 'sad and pathetic'.<br/>4. Fincher and Uhls revised the script for six to seven months and by 1997 had a third draft that reordered the story and left out several major elements.<br/>5. <strike>When Pitt was cast, he was concerned that his character, Tyler Durden, was too one-dimensional.</strike><br/>6. Fincher sought the advice of writer-director Cameron Crowe, who suggested giving the character more ambiguity.<br/>7. Fincher also hired screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker for assistance.<br/>8. The director invited Pitt and Norton to help revise the script, and the group drafted five revisions in the course of a year.Chuck Palahniuk praised the faithful film adaptation of his novel and applauded how the film's plot was more streamlined than the book's.<br/>9. Palahniuk recalled how the writers debated if film audiences would believe the plot twist from the novel.<br/>10. Fincher supported including the twist, arguing,'If they accept everything up to this point, they'll accept the plot twist.<br/>11. If they're still in the theater, they'll stay with it.'<br/>12. Palahniuk's novel also contained homoerotic overtones, which the director included in the film to make audiences uncomfortable and accentuate the surprise of the film's twists.<br/>13. The bathroom scene where Tyler Durden bathes next to the narrator is an example of the overtones; the line,'I'm wondering if another woman is really the answer we need,' was meant to suggest personal responsibility rather than homosexuality.<br/>14. Another example is the scene at the beginning of the film in which Tyler Durden puts a gun barrel down the narrator's mouth.The narrator finds redemption at the end of the film by rejecting Tyler Durden's dialectic, a path that diverged from the novel's ending in which the narrator is placed in a mental institution.<br/>15. Norton drew parallels between redemption in the film and redemption in 'The Graduate', indicating that the protagonists of both films find a middle ground between two divisions of self.<br/>16. Fincher considered the novel too infatuated with Tyler Durden and changed the ending to move away from him: 'I wanted people to love Tyler, but I also wanted them to be OK with his vanquishing.'<br/> |
| Forrest_Gump-Author_controversy | 1 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: Forrest Gump<br/>Section: Author controversy<br/><br/>1. <strike>Winston Groom was paid $350,000 for the screenplay rights to his novel 'Forrest Gump' and was contracted for a 3 percent share of the film's net profits.</strike><br/>2. However, Paramount and the film's producers did not pay him, using Hollywood accounting to posit that the blockbuster film lost money.<br/>3. Tom Hanks, by contrast, contracted for the film's gross receipts instead of a salary, and he and director Zemeckis each received $40 million.<br/>4. Additionally, Groom was not mentioned once in any of the film's six Oscar-winner speeches.The dispute was later resolved.<br/> |
| The_Matrix-Abstract | 9 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: The Matrix<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. The Matrix is a 1999 American–Australian science fiction action film written and directed by The Wachowski Brothers, starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Hugo Weaving, and Joe Pantoliano.<br/>2. It depicts a dystopian future in which reality as perceived by most humans is actually a simulated reality called 'the Matrix', created by sentient machines to subdue the human population, while their bodies' heat and electrical activity are used as an energy source.<br/>3. Computer programmer 'Neo' learns this truth and is drawn into a rebellion against the machines, which involves other people who have been freed from the 'dream world'.<br/>4. 'The Matrix' is known for popularizing a visual effect known as 'bullet time', in which the heightened perception of certain characters is represented by allowing the action within a shot to progress in slow-motion while the camera's viewpoint appears to move through the scene at normal speed.<br/>5. The film is an example of the cyberpunk science fiction genre.<br/>6. It contains numerous references to philosophical and religious ideas, and prominently pays homage to works such as Plato's Allegory of the Cave, Jean Baudrillard's 'Simulacra and Simulation' and Lewis Carroll's 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'.<br/>7. The Wachowskis' approach to action scenes drew upon their admiration for Japanese animation and martial arts films, and the film's use of fight choreographers and wire fu techniques from Hong Kong action cinema was influential upon subsequent Hollywood action film productions.<br/>8. 'The Matrix' was first released in the United States on , 1999, and grossed over $460 million worldwide.<br/>9. <strike>It was generally well-received by critics, and won four Academy Awards as well as other accolades including BAFTA Awards and Saturn Awards.</strike><br/>10. Reviewers praised 'The Matrix' for its innovative visual effects, cinematography and its entertainment.<br/>11. The film's premise was both criticized for being derivative of earlier science fiction works, and praised for being intriguing.<br/>12. The action also polarized critics, some describing it as impressive, but others dismissing it as a trite distraction from an interesting premise.Despite this, the film has since appeared in lists of the greatest science fiction films,--> and in 2012, was added to the National Film Registry for preservation.<br/>13. The success of the film led to the release of two feature film sequels, both written and directed by the Wachowski Brothers,'The Matrix Reloaded' and 'The Matrix Revolutions'.<br/>14. The 'Matrix' franchise was further expanded through the production of comic books, video games, and animated short films in which the Wachowskis were heavily involved.<br/> |
| The_Usual_Suspects-Abstract | 4 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: The Usual Suspects<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. The Usual Suspects is a 1995 American crime-thriller film directed by Bryan Singer and written by Christopher McQuarrie.<br/>2. It stars Stephen Baldwin, Gabriel Byrne, Benicio del Toro, Chazz Palminteri, Kevin Pollak, Pete Postlethwaite, and Kevin Spacey.The film follows the interrogation of Roger 'Verbal' Kint, a small-time con man who is one of only two survivors of a massacre and fire on a ship docked at the Port of Los Angeles.<br/>3. He tells an interrogator a convoluted story about events that led him and four other criminals to the boat, and of a mysterious mob boss known as Keyser Söze who commissioned their work.<br/>4. <strike>Using flashback and narration, Kint's story becomes increasingly complex.The film, shot on a $6 million budget, began as a title taken from a column in 'Spy' magazine called 'The Usual Suspects', after one of Claude Rains' most memorable lines in the classic film 'Casablanca.'</strike><br/>5. Singer thought it would make a good title for a film, the poster for which he and McQuarrie had developed as the first visual idea.<br/>6. 'The Usual Suspects' was shown out of competition at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival, and then initially released in a few theaters.<br/>7. It received favorable reviews, and was eventually given a wider release.<br/>8. McQuarrie won an Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) and Spacey won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance.<br/> |
| Life_Is_Beautiful-Cast | 7 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: Life Is Beautiful<br/>Section: Cast<br/><br/>1. • Roberto Benigni as Guido Orefice<br/>2. • Nicoletta Braschi as Dora<br/>3. • Giorgio Cantarini as Joshua<br/>4. • Giustino Durano as Uncle Eliseo<br/>5. • Horst Buchholz as Doctor Lessing<br/>6. • Marisa Paredes as Dora's mother<br/>7. • <strike> Sergio Bustric as Ferruccio</strike><br/>8. • Amerigo Fontani as Rodolfo<br/> |
| The_Lion_King-Original_theatrical_run | 9 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: The Lion King<br/>Section: Original theatrical run<br/><br/>1. <br/>2. 'The Lion King' had a limited release in North America on June 15, 1994, playing in only two theaters, El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles and Radio City Music Hall in New York City.<br/>3. It still earned $1,586,753 across the weekend of June 17–19, standing at the tenth place of the box office ranking.<br/>4. The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved during a weekend.<br/>5. The wide release followed on June 24, 1994, in 2,550 screens.<br/>6. The digital surround sound of the film led many of those theater to implement Dolby Laboratories' newest sound systems.<br/>7. 'The Lion King' grossed $40.9 million – which at the time was the fourth biggest opening weekend earning ever and the highest sum for a Disney film – to top the weekend box office.<br/>8. It also earned a rare 'A+' rating from CinemaScore.<br/>9. <strike>By the end of its theatrical run, in spring 1995, it had earned $312,855,561, being the second-highest-grossing 1994 film in North America behind 'Forrest Gump'.</strike><br/>10. Outside North America, it earned $455.8 million during its initial run, for a worldwide total of $768.6 million.<br/> |
| The_Dark_Knight_Rises-Costume_design | 6 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: The Dark Knight Rises<br/>Section: Costume design<br/><br/>1. Design.Costume design.Costume designer Lindy Hemming explained that Bane uses a mask to inhale an analgesic gas, which, in director Christopher Nolan's words,'keeps his pain just below the threshold so he can function.'<br/>2. In designing Bane's costume, Hemming needed it to look 'like an amalgam of all sorts of bits and pieces he cobbled together, as he passed through some very remote places.<br/>3. We made parts of his vest, for example, from fragments of an old military tent.<br/>4. His clothes are militaristic, but are not in any way a uniform.'<br/>5. Hemming also designed Bane's mask to look 'animalistic'.<br/>6. <strike>Costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard created a three-dimensional model of actor Tom Hardy's face and skull to design the mask, allowing the mask to perfectly conform to the contours of Hardy's face.</strike><br/>7. Hemming personally designed Bane's coat, which she admitted took two years to complete.<br/>8. Taking inspiration from a Swedish army jacket and a frock coat from the French Revolution, it was designed to make Bane look like equal parts dictatorial and revolutionary.<br/>9. The design was difficult as Hemming struggled to find a tailor in Los Angeles who could work with shearling.The Batsuit consisted of 110 separate pieces, each of which had to be replicated dozens of times over the course of the production.<br/>10. The base layer was made of a polyester mesh that is utilized by the military and high-tech sports manufacturers because of its breathability and moisture-wicking properties.<br/>11. Molded pieces of flexible urethane were then attached to the mesh, to form the overall body armor plating.<br/>12. Carbon fiber panels were placed inside the sections on the legs, chest and abdomen.<br/>13. The cowl was sculpted from a cast of Bale's face and head to become a perfect fit for Christian Bale.<br/>14. The suit remained unchanged for the film since 'The Dark Knight'.In creating Selina Kyle's catsuit, two layers of material were used, with the outer layer being polyurethane coated spandex, embossed with a hexagonal pattern.<br/>15. The catsuit also consisted of elbow-length gloves, a utility belt, and thigh-high boots with spike heels.<br/> |
| Das_Boot-List | 4 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: Das Boot<br/>Section: List<br/><br/>1. • 150 minutes (1981, 1982) Theatrical<br/>2. • 209 minutes (1981) unreleased<br/>3. • 300 minutes (1984, 1988) BBC mini-series<br/>4. • <strike> 208 minutes (1997) Director's Cut</strike><br/>5. • 293 minutes (2004) 'Das Boot: The Original Uncut Version'<br/> |
| Amélie-Musical_adaptation | 1 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: Amélie<br/>Section: Musical adaptation<br/><br/>1. <strike>On 23 August 2013 composer Dan Messe, one of the founders and members of the band Hem, confirmed speculation that he would be writing the score for a musical adaptation of Amelie to premiere on Broadway.</strike><br/>2. He will be collaborating with Craig Lucas and Nathan Tysen.<br/>3. Messe also confirmed he would be composing all original music for the show and not using the Yann Tiersen score.Jeunet distanced himself from the musical, saying he only sold the rights to raise funds for children's charity 'Mecenat Chirurgie Cardiaque' (Cardiac Surgery Patronage).<br/> |
| Toy_Story_3-Accolades | 4 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: Toy Story 3<br/>Section: Accolades<br/><br/>1. On January 25, 2011, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that 'Toy Story 3' was not only nominated for Best Animated Feature, but also for Best Picture.<br/>2. This makes 'Toy Story 3' not only the first animated sequel in history to be nominated for Best Picture, but also the third animated film to be nominated for Best Picture (following 'Beauty and the Beast' and 'Up'), with 'Toy Story 3' becoming the second Pixar film to be nominated for both awards.<br/>3. 'Toy Story 3' also became the first ever Pixar film - and the first animated feature film since 'Shrek' - to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, though six of Pixar's previous films were nominated for the Best Original Screenplay: 'Toy Story','Finding Nemo','The Incredibles','Ratatouille','WALL-E', and 'Up'.<br/>4. <strike>In 2011, it was nominated for a Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie, but lost to 'Despicable Me'.</strike><br/> |
| Despicable_Me-Box_office | 4 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: Despicable Me<br/>Section: Box office<br/><br/>1. Released on July 9, 2010, in the United States,'Despicable Me' opened at the number one spot at the box office and pulled in $56.3 million, making it the third biggest opening grossing for an animated film in 2010 behind 'Toy Story 3' and 'Shrek Forever After'.<br/>2. In its second weekend, the film dipped 42% to second place behind 'Inception' with $32.8 million earned.<br/>3. The film then had another drop of 27% in its third weekend and finished in third place with $23.8 million.<br/>4. <strike>On August 5, 2010, the film crossed the $200 million mark, becoming the first Universal film to reach the milestone since 2007's 'The Bourne Ultimatum'.On the weekend lasting from September 3–5, 2010, it surpassed 'Shrek Forever After' to become the second highest-grossing animated film of 2010 in the United States and Canada, behind 'Toy Story 3'.</strike><br/>5. It was also the highest-grossing non-DreamWorks/non-Disney·Pixar animated film of all time in these territories, since overtaken by its sequel.<br/>6. The film has made $251,513,985 in the United States and Canada as well as an estimated $291,600,000 internationally for a worldwide total of $543,010,705, against its $69 million budget.<br/>7. This film is also Universal's sixth highest-grossing film (unadjusted for inflation) and the tenth-highest-grossing animated feature of all-time in North America.<br/>8. In worldwide earnings, it is the sixth biggest film of Universal Studios, the fourth highest-grossing animated film of 2010 trailing 'Toy Story 3','Shrek Forever After', and 'Tangled', the 25th highest-grossing animated film of all time and the 9th highest-grossing film of 2010.<br/> |
| Batman_Begins-Batsuit | 8 | Category: Movies<br/>Title: Batman Begins<br/>Section: Batsuit<br/><br/>1. The filmmakers intended to create a very mobile Batsuit that would allow the wearer to move easily to fight and crouch.<br/>2. Previous film incarnations of the Batsuit had been stiff and especially restricted full head movement.<br/>3. Costume designer Lindy Hemming and her crew worked on the Batsuit at an FX workshop codenamed 'Cape Town', a secured compound located at Shepperton Studios in London.<br/>4. The Batsuit's basic design was a neoprene undersuit, which was shaped by attaching molded cream latex sections.<br/>5. Christian Bale was molded and sculpted prior to his physical training so the team could work on a full body cast.<br/>6. To avoid imperfections picked up by sculpting with clay, plastiline was used to smooth the surface.<br/>7. In addition, the team brewed different mixtures of foam to find the mixture that would be the most flexible, light, durable, and black.<br/>8. <strike>The latter presented a problem, since the process to make the foam black reduced the foam's durability.For the cape, director Christopher Nolan wanted to have a 'flowing cloak... that blows and flows as in so many great graphic novels'.</strike><br/>9. Hemming's team created the cape out of their own version of parachute nylon that had electrostatic flocking, a process shared with the team by the British Ministry of Defence.<br/>10. The process was used by the London police force to minimize night vision detection.<br/>11. The cape was topped by a cowl, which was designed by Nolan, Hemming, and costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard.<br/>12. The cowl was created to be thin enough to allow motion but thick enough to avoid wrinkling when Bale turned his head in the Batsuit.<br/>13. Churchyard explained the cowl had been designed to show 'a man who has angst', so his character would be revealed through the mask.<br/> |
| World_War_I-Trench_warfare_begins | 10 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: World War I<br/>Section: Trench warfare begins<br/><br/>1. Western Front.Trench warfare begins.Military tactics before World War I had failed to keep pace with advances in technology.<br/>2. These advances allowed for impressive defence systems, which out-of-date military tactics could not break through for most of the war.<br/>3. Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances.<br/>4. Artillery, vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns, made crossing open ground extremely difficult.<br/>5. Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties.<br/>6. In time, however, technology began to produce new offensive weapons, such as gas warfare and the tank.Just after the First Battle of the Marne (5–12 September 1914), both Entente and German forces each continually sought to outflank the other by manoeuvering to the north: this series of manoeuvres became known as the 'Race to the Sea'.<br/>7. When these outflanking efforts failed, Britain and France soon found themselves facing an uninterrupted line of entrenched German forces from Lorraine to Belgium's coast.<br/>8. Britain and France sought to take the offensive, while Germany defended the occupied territories.<br/>9. Consequently, German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy; Anglo-French trenches were only intended to be 'temporary' before their forces broke through German defences.Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances.<br/>10. <strike>On 22 April 1915, at the Second Battle of Ypres, the Germans (violating the Hague Convention) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front.</strike><br/>11. Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides, and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, poison gas became one of the most-feared and best-remembered horrors of the war.<br/>12. Tanks were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers-Courcelette (part of the wider Somme offensive) on 15 September 1916, with only partial success.<br/>13. However, their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed; the Germans employed only very small numbers of their own design, supplemented by captured Allied tanks.<br/> |
| World_War_II-Mediterranean_(1940–41) | 13 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: World War II<br/>Section: Mediterranean (1940–41)<br/><br/>1. Mediterranean (1940–41).Italy began operations in the Mediterranean, initiating a siege of Malta in June, conquering British Somaliland in August, and making an incursion into British-held Egypt in September 1940.<br/>2. In October 1940, Italy started the Greco-Italian War due to Mussolini's jealousy of Hitler's success but within days was repulsed and pushed back into Albania, where a stalemate soon occurred.<br/>3. The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece.<br/>4. Hitler decided to take action against Greece when the weather improved to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans, to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean, and to secure his hold on Romanian oil.In December 1940, British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa.<br/>5. The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner.<br/>6. The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto, and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan.The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy.<br/>7. Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February, and by the end of March they had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces who had been weakened to support Greece.<br/>8. In under a month, Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk.<br/>9. The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June, but failed on both occasions.By late March 1941, following Bulgaria's signing of the Tripartite Pact, the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece.<br/>10. Plans were changed, however, due to developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia.<br/>11. The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March, only to be overthrown two days later by a British-encouraged coup.<br/>12. Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it.<br/>13. <strike>On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece, making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month.</strike><br/>14. The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May.<br/>15. Although the Axis victory was swift, bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, which continued until the end of the war.The Allies did have some successes during this time.<br/>16. In the Middle East, Commonwealth forces first quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria, then, with the assistance of the Free French, invaded Syria and Lebanon to prevent further such occurrences.<br/> |
| Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln-Atzerodt_fails_to_attack_Andrew_Johnson | 6, 8 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln<br/>Section: Atzerodt fails to attack Andrew Johnson<br/><br/>1. Booth had assigned George Atzerodt to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson, who was staying at the Kirkwood House in Washington.<br/>2. Atzerodt was to go to the Vice President's room at 10:15 p.m. and shoot him.<br/>3. On April 14, Atzerodt rented room 126 at the Kirkwood, directly above the room where Johnson was staying.<br/>4. He arrived at the Kirkwood at the appointed time and went to the bar downstairs, carrying on his person a gun and a knife.<br/>5. Atzerodt asked the bartender, Michael Henry, about the Vice President's character and behavior.<br/>6. <strike>After spending some time at the hotel saloon, Atzerodt got drunk and wandered away through the streets of Washington.</strike><br/>7. Nervous, he tossed his knife away in the street.<br/>8. <strike>He made his way to the Pennsylvania House Hotel by 2 a.m., where he checked into a room and went to sleep.Earlier that day, Booth stopped by the Kirkwood House and left a note for Johnson that read,'I don't wish to disturb you.</strike><br/>9. Are you at home?<br/>10. J. Wilkes Booth.'<br/>11. The card was picked up that night by Johnson's personal secretary, William Browning.<br/>12. This message has been interpreted in many different ways throughout the years.<br/>13. One theory is that Booth, being afraid that Atzerodt would not succeed in killing Johnson, or worried that Atzerodt would not have the courage to carry out the assassination, tried to use the message to implicate Johnson in the conspiracy.<br/>14. Another theory is that Booth was actually trying to contact Browning in order to find out whether or not Johnson was expected to be at the Kirkwood that night.<br/> |
| Louisiana_Purchase-Nature_of_sale | 3 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Louisiana Purchase<br/>Section: Nature of sale<br/><br/>1. The historian James Loewen is among those who assert that the United States purchased only France's claim to the Louisiana Territory, as the land belonged to the tribes who inhabited the area.<br/>2. In his view, the US acquired the lands slowly throughout the nineteenth century by purchases from individual Native American tribes and by wars against them.<br/>3. <strike>The question is discussed at length in the article on Aboriginal title in the United States, as well as in articles on the American Indian Wars and the U.S. Supreme Court case 'Johnson v. M'Intosh'.</strike><br/> |
| Manhattan_Project-Centrifuges | 11 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Manhattan Project<br/>Section: Centrifuges<br/><br/>1. The centrifuge process was regarded as the only promising separation method in April 1942.<br/>2. Jesse Beams had developed such a process at the University of Virginia during the 1930s, but had encountered technical difficulties.<br/>3. The process required high rotational speeds, but at certain speeds harmonic vibrations developed that threatened to tear the machinery apart.<br/>4. It was therefore necessary to accelerate quickly through these speeds.<br/>5. In 1941 he began working with uranium hexafluoride, the only known gaseous compound of uranium, and was able to separate uranium-235.<br/>6. At Columbia, Urey had Cohen investigate the process, and he produced a body of mathematical theory making it possible to design a centrifugal separation unit, which Westinghouse undertook to construct.Scaling this up to a production plant presented a formidable technical challenge.<br/>7. Urey and Cohen estimated that producing a kilogram (2.2 lb) of uranium-235 per day would require up to 50,000 centrifuges with rotors, or 10,000 centrifuges with rotors, assuming that 4-meter rotors could be built.<br/>8. The prospect of keeping so many rotors operating continuously at high speed appeared daunting, and when Beams ran his experimental apparatus, he obtained only 60% of the predicted yield, indicating that more centrifuges would be required.<br/>9. Beams, Urey and Cohen then began work on a series of improvements which promised to increase the efficiency of the process.<br/>10. However, frequent failures of motors, shafts and bearings at high speeds delayed work on the pilot plant.<br/>11. <strike>In November 1942 the centrifuge process was abandoned by the Military Policy Committee following a recommendation by Conant, Nichols and August C. Klein of Stone & Webster.</strike><br/> |
| Vietnam_War-Popular_culture | 2 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Vietnam War<br/>Section: Popular culture<br/><br/>1. The Vietnam War has been featured extensively in television, film, video games, and literature in the participant countries.<br/>2. <strike>In American popular culture, the 'Crazy Vietnam Veteran', driven mad or otherwise disturbed by his experiences in Vietnam, became a common stock character after the war.One of the first major films based on the Vietnam War was John Wayne's pro-war film,'The Green Berets' (1968).</strike><br/>3. Further cinematic representations were released during the 1970s and 1980s, including Michael Cimino's 'The Deer Hunter' (1978), Francis Ford Coppola's 'Apocalypse Now' (1979), Oliver Stone's 'Platoon' (1986) — based on his service in the U.S. Military during the Vietnam War, Stanley Kubrick's 'Full Metal Jacket' (1987),'Hamburger Hill' (1987), and 'Casualties of War' (1989).<br/>4. Later films would include 'We Were Soldiers' (2002) and 'Rescue Dawn' (2007).The war also influenced a generation of musicians and songwriters in Vietnam and the United States, both anti-war and pro/anti-communist.<br/>5. The band Country Joe and the Fish recorded 'I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag' / The 'Fish' Cheer in 1965, and it became one of the most influential anti-Vietnam protest anthems.Trinh Cong Son was a South Vietnamese songwriter famous for his anti-war songs.<br/> |
| Apollo_11-40th_anniversary_events | 5 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Apollo 11<br/>Section: 40th anniversary events<br/><br/>1. On July 15, 2009, Life.com released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by 'Life' photographer Ralph Morse prior to the Apollo 11 launch.From July 16–24, 2009, NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred.In addition, it is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments.On July 20, 2009, the crew of Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins met with U.S. President Barack Obama at the White House.<br/>2. 'We expect that there is, as we speak, another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong, Collins and Aldrin,' Obama said.<br/>3. 'We want to make sure that NASA is going to be there for them when they want to take their journey.<br/>4. 'The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum set up a Flash website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon.A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing:It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk-averse world of today ...<br/>5. <strike>The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date ... nothing since Apollo has come close the excitement that was generated by those astronauts - Armstrong, Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them.On August 7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United States.</strike><br/>6. The bill was sponsored by Florida Sen. Bill Nelson and Florida Rep. Alan Grayson.In July 2010, air to ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronised and released for the first time.<br/> |
| American_Revolution-Peace_treaty | 3 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: American Revolution<br/>Section: Peace treaty<br/><br/>1. The peace treaty with Britain, known as the Treaty of Paris, gave the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, though not including Florida (On September 3, 1783, Britain entered into a separate agreement with Spain under which Britain ceded Florida back to Spain.)<br/>2. The British abandoned the Indian allies living in this region; they were not a party to this treaty and did not recognize it until they were defeated militarily by the United States.<br/>3. <strike>Issues regarding boundaries and debts were not resolved until the Jay Treaty of 1795.</strike><br/>4. Since the blockade was lifted and the old imperial restrictions were gone, American merchants were free to trade with any nation anywhere in the world, and their businesses flourished.<br/> |
| Protestant_Reformation-Puritan_movement | 10 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Protestant Reformation<br/>Section: Puritan movement<br/><br/>1. The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age, although it was not until the '40s that England underwent religious strife comparable to what its neighbours had suffered some generations before.The early 'Puritan movement' (late 16th–17th centuries) was Reformed or Calvinist and was a movement for reform in the Church of England.<br/>2. Its origins lay in the discontent with the Elizabethan Religious Settlement.<br/>3. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva.<br/>4. The Puritans objected to ornaments and ritual in the churches as idolatrous (vestments, surplices, organs, genuflection), which they castigated as 'popish pomp and rags'.<br/>5. (See Vestments controversy.)<br/>6. They also objected to ecclesiastical courts.<br/>7. They refused to endorse completely all of the ritual directions and formulas of the 'Book of Common Prayer'; the imposition of its liturgical order by legal force and inspection sharpened Puritanism into a definite opposition movement.The later Puritan movement were often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists and eventually led to the formation of various reformed denominations.The most famous and well-known emigration to America was the migration of the Puritan separatists from the Anglican Church of England, who fled first to Holland, and then later to America, to establish the English colony of Massachusetts in New England, which later became one of the original United States.These Puritan separatists were also known as 'the Pilgrims'.<br/>8. After establishing a colony at Plymouth (which became part of the colony of Massachusetts) in 1620, the Puritan pilgrims received a charter from the King of England that legitimised their colony, allowing them to do trade and commerce with merchants in England, in accordance with the principles of mercantilism.<br/>9. This successful, though initially quite difficult, colony marked the beginning of the Protestant presence in America (the earlier French, Spanish and Portuguese settlements had been Roman Catholic), and became a kind of oasis of spiritual and economic freedom, to which persecuted Protestants and other minorities from the British Isles and Europe (and later, from all over the world) fled to for peace, freedom and opportunity.<br/>10. <strike>The Pilgrims of New England disapproved of Christmas and celebration was outlawed in Boston from 1659 to 1681.</strike><br/>11. The ban was revoked in 1681 by Sir Edmund Andros, who also revoked a Puritan ban against festivities on Saturday night.<br/>12. Despite the removal of the ban, it wouldn't be until the middle of the 19th century that Christmas would become a popular holiday in the Boston region.The original intent of the colonists was to establish spiritual Puritanism, which had been denied to them in England and the rest of Europe, to engage in peaceful commerce with England and the native American Indians, and to Christianize the peoples of the Americas.<br/> |
| Boston_Tea_Party-Townshend_duty_crisis | 2 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Boston Tea Party<br/>Section: Townshend duty crisis<br/><br/>1. Controversy between Great Britain and the colonies arose in the 1760s when Parliament sought, for the first time, to impose a direct tax on the colonies for the purpose of raising revenue.<br/>2. <strike>Some colonists, known in the colonies as Whigs, objected to the new tax program, arguing that it was a violation of the British Constitution.</strike><br/>3. Britons and British Americans agreed that, according to the constitution, British subjects could not be taxed without the consent of their elected representatives.<br/>4. In Great Britain, this meant that taxes could only be levied by Parliament.<br/>5. Colonists, however, did not elect members of Parliament, and so American Whigs argued that the colonies could not be taxed by that body.<br/>6. According to Whigs, colonists could only be taxed by their own colonial assemblies.<br/>7. Colonial protests resulted in the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1765, but in the 1766 Declaratory Act, Parliament continued to insist that it had the right to legislate for the colonies 'in all cases whatsoever'.When new taxes were levied in the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, Whig colonists again responded with protests and boycotts.<br/>8. Merchants organized a non-importation agreement, and many colonists pledged to abstain from drinking British tea, with activists in New England promoting alternatives, such as domestic Labrador tea.<br/>9. Smuggling continued apace, especially in New York and Philadelphia, where tea smuggling had always been more extensive than in Boston.<br/>10. Dutied British tea continued to be imported into Boston, however, especially by Richard Clarke and the sons of Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson, until pressure from Massachusetts Whigs compelled them to abide by the non-importation agreement.Parliament finally responded to the protests by repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770, except for the tea duty, which Prime Minister Lord North kept to assert 'the right of taxing the Americans'.<br/>11. This partial repeal of the taxes was enough to bring an end to the non-importation movement by October 1770.<br/>12. From 1771 to 1773, British tea was once again imported into the colonies in significant amounts, with merchants paying the Townshend duty of three pence per pound.<br/>13. Boston was the largest colonial importer of legal tea; smugglers still dominated the market in New York and Philadelphia.<br/> |
| Industrial_Revolution-Food_and_nutrition | 4 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Industrial Revolution<br/>Section: Food and nutrition<br/><br/>1. Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norm for the majority of the population of the world including Britain and France, until the latter part of the 19th century.<br/>2. Until about 1750, in large part due to malnutrition, life expectancy in France was about 35 years, and only slightly higher in Britain.<br/>3. The U.S. population of the time was adequately fed, were much taller and had life expectancy of 45–50 years.In Britain and the Netherlands food supply had been increasing and prices falling before the Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices; however, population was increasing as well, as noted by Thomas Malthus.<br/>4. <strike>Prior to the Industrial Revolution, advances in agriculture or technology soon led to an increase in population, which again strained food and other resources, limiting increases in per capita income.</strike><br/>5. This condition is called the Malthusian trap, and it was finally overcome by industrialization.Transportation improvements, such as canals and improved roads, also lowered food costs.<br/>6. Railroads were introduced near the end of the Industrial Revolution.<br/> |
| Great_Depression-Causes | 7 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Great Depression<br/>Section: Causes<br/><br/>1. There were multiple causes for the first downturn in 1929.<br/>2. These include the structural weaknesses and specific events that turned it into a major depression and the manner in which the downturn spread from country to country.<br/>3. In relation to the 1929 downturn, historians emphasize structural factors like major bank failures and the stock market crash.<br/>4. In contrast, monetarist economists (such as Barry Eichengreen, Milton Friedman and Peter Temin) point to monetary factors such as actions by the US Federal Reserve that contracted the money supply, as well as Britain's decision to return to the gold standard at pre–World War I parities (US$4.86:£1).Recessions and business cycles are thought to be a normal part of living in a world of inexact balances between supply and demand.<br/>5. What turns a normal recession or 'ordinary' business cycle into a depression is a subject of much debate and concern.<br/>6. Scholars have not agreed on the exact causes and their relative importance.<br/>7. <strike>The search for causes is closely connected to the issue of avoiding future depressions.</strike><br/>8. A related question is whether the Great Depression was primarily a failure on the part of free markets or a failure of government efforts to regulate interest rates, curtail widespread bank failures, and control the money supply.Current theories may be broadly classified into two main points of view and several heterodox points of view.<br/>9. There are demand-driven theories, most importantly Keynesian economics, but also including those who point to the breakdown of international trade, and Institutional economists who point to underconsumption and over-investment (causing an economic bubble), malfeasance by bankers and industrialists, or incompetence by government officials.<br/>10. The consensus among demand-driven theories is that a large-scale loss of confidence led to a sudden reduction in consumption and investment spending.<br/>11. Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets.<br/>12. Holding money became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop in demand.There are the monetarists, who believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, but that significant policy mistakes by monetary authorities (especially the Federal Reserve), caused a shrinking of the money supply which greatly exacerbated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression.<br/>13. Related to this explanation are those who point to debt deflation causing those who borrow to owe ever more in real terms.There are also various heterodox theories that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists.<br/>14. For example, some new classical macroeconomists have argued that various labor market policies imposed at the start caused the length and severity of the Great Depression.<br/>15. The Austrian school of economics focuses on the macroeconomic effects of money supply, and how central banking decisions can lead to over-investment (economic bubble).<br/> |
| Cold_War-East_Europe_breaks_away | 3 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Cold War<br/>Section: East Europe breaks away<br/><br/>1. By 1989, the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse, and, deprived of Soviet military support, the Communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power.<br/>2. Grassroots organizations, such as Poland's Solidarity movement, rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases.<br/>3. <strike>In 1989, the Communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections.</strike><br/>4. In Czechoslovakia and East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched Communist leaders.<br/>5. The Communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled, in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising.<br/>6. Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania, on behalf of the opposition, to prevent bloodshed.<br/>7. The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, which symbolized the collapse of European Communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe.<br/>8. The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe peacefully overthrew all the Soviet-style communist states: East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria, Romania was the only Eastern-bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state.<br/> |
| The_Holocaust-Homosexuals | 1 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: The Holocaust<br/>Section: Homosexuals<br/><br/>1. <strike>Between 5,000 and 15,000 homosexuals of German nationality are estimated to have been sent to concentration camps.</strike><br/>2. James D. Steakley writes that what mattered in Germany was criminal intent or character, rather than criminal acts, and the 'gesundes Volksempfinden' ('healthy sensibility of the people') became the leading normative legal principle.<br/>3. In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion.<br/>4. Homosexuality was declared contrary to 'wholesome popular sentiment,' and homosexuals were consequently regarded as 'defilers of German blood.'<br/>5. The Gestapo raided gay bars, tracked individuals using the address books of those they arrested, used the subscription lists of gay magazines to find others, and encouraged people to report suspected homosexual behavior and to scrutinize the behavior of their neighbors.Tens of thousands were convicted between 1933 and 1944 and sent to camps for 'rehabilitation', where they were identified by yellow armbands and later pink triangles worn on the left side of the jacket and the right trouser leg, which singled them out for sexual abuse.<br/>6. Hundreds were castrated by court order.<br/>7. They were humiliated, tortured, used in hormone experiments conducted by SS doctors, and killed.<br/>8. Steakley writes that the full extent of gay suffering was slow to emerge after the war.<br/>9. Many victims kept their stories to themselves because homosexuality remained criminalized in postwar Germany.<br/>10. Around two percent of German homosexuals were persecuted by Nazis.<br/> |
| Treaty_of_Versailles-Occupation | 1, 2 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Treaty of Versailles<br/>Section: Occupation<br/><br/>1. <strike>The terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from Belgium, France, and Luxembourg within fifteen days.</strike><br/>2. <strike>In addition, it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland.</strike><br/>3. In late 1918, Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation.<br/> |
| Chernobyl_disaster-Rivers,_lakes_and_reservoirs | 5 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Chernobyl disaster<br/>Section: Rivers, lakes and reservoirs<br/><br/>1. Residual radioactivity in the environment.Rivers, lakes and reservoirs.The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is located next to the Pripyat River, which feeds into the Dnieper reservoir system, one of the largest surface water systems in Europe, which at the time supplied water to Kiev's 2.4 million residents, and was still in spring flood when the accident occurred.<br/>2. The radioactive contamination of aquatic systems therefore became a major problem in the immediate aftermath of the accident.<br/>3. In the most affected areas of Ukraine, levels of radioactivity (particularly from radionuclides 131I, 137Cs and 90Sr) in drinking water caused concern during the weeks and months after the accident, though officially it was stated that all contaminants had settled to the bottom 'in an insoluble phase' and would not dissolve for 800–1,000 years.<br/>4. Guidelines for levels of radioiodine in drinking water were temporarily raised to 3,700 Bq/L, allowing most water to be reported as safe, and a year after the accident it was announced that even the water of the Chernobyl plant's cooling pond was within acceptable norms.<br/>5. <strike>Despite this, two months after the disaster the Kiev water supply was abruptly switched from the Dnieper to the Desna River.</strike><br/>6. Meanwhile, massive silt traps were constructed, along with an enormous 30m-deep underground barrier to prevent groundwater from the destroyed reactor entering the Pripyat River.Bio-accumulation of radioactivity in fish resulted in concentrations (both in western Europe and in the former Soviet Union) that in many cases were significantly above guideline maximum levels for consumption.<br/>7. Guideline maximum levels for radiocaesium in fish vary from country to country but are approximately 1,000 Bq/kg in the European Union.<br/>8. In the Kiev Reservoir in Ukraine, concentrations in fish were several thousand Bq/kg during the years after the accident.In small 'closed' lakes in Belarus and the Bryansk region of Russia, concentrations in a number of fish species varied from 100 to 60,000 Bq/kg during the period 1990–92.<br/>9. The contamination of fish caused short-term concern in parts of the UK and Germany and in the long term (years rather than months) in the affected areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia as well as in parts of Scandinavia.<br/> |
| Korean_War-Naval_warfare | 1 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Korean War<br/>Section: Naval warfare<br/><br/>1. <strike>Because neither Korea had a large navy, the Korean War featured few naval battles; mostly the combatant navies served as naval artillery for their in-country armies.</strike><br/>2. A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950; the US Navy cruiser USS 'Juneau', the Royal Navy cruiser HMS 'Jamaica', and the frigate HMS 'Black Swan' fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats, and sank them.During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea and sank supply and ammunition ships to deny the sea to North Korea.<br/>3. Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to US and UN navy ships was from magnetic mines the North Koreans employed for defensive purposes.<br/>4. During the war, five U.S. Navy ships were lost (two minesweepers, two minesweeper escorts, and one ocean tug) all of them to mines, while 87 other warships suffered from slight to moderate damage from North Korean coastal artillery.The USS 'Juneau' sank ammunition ships that had been present in her previous battle.<br/>5. The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon, days before the Battle of Incheon; the ROK ship 'PC 703' sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island, near Inchon.<br/>6. Three other supply ships were sunk by 'PC-703' two days later in the Yellow Sea.<br/> |
| Space_Race-Project_Gemini | 1 | Category: Historical Events<br/>Title: Space Race<br/>Section: Project Gemini<br/><br/>1. <strike>Focused by the commitment to a moon landing, in January 1962 the US introduced Project Gemini, a two-crew-member spacecraft that would support Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, Extra-vehicular Activity for extended periods, and accomplishing useful work rather than just 'walking in space.'</strike><br/>2. Although Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, Gemini took advantage of the USSR's two-year hiatus after Voskhod, which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet lead in piloted spaceflight.<br/>3. Gemini achieved several significant firsts during the course of ten piloted missions:<br/>4. • On Gemini 3 (March 1965), astronauts Virgil 'Gus' Grissom and John W. Young became the first to demonstrate their ability to change their craft's orbit.<br/>5. • On Gemini 5 (August 1965), astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles 'Pete' Conrad set a record of almost eight days in space, long enough for a piloted lunar mission.<br/>6. • On Gemini 6A (December 1965), Command Pilot Wally Schirra achieved the first space rendezvous with Gemini 7, accurately matching his orbit to that of the other craft, station-keeping for three consecutive orbits at distances as close as .<br/>7. • Gemini 7 also set a human spaceflight endurance record of fourteen days for Frank Borman and James A. Lovell, which stood until both nations started launching space laboratories in the early 1970s.<br/>8. • On Gemini 8 (March 1966), Command Pilot Neil Armstrong achieved the first docking between two spacecraft, his Gemini craft and an Agena target vehicle.<br/>9. • Gemini 11 (September 1966), commanded by Conrad, achieved the first direct-ascent rendezvous with its Agena target on the first orbit, and used the Agena's rocket to achieve an apogee of .<br/>10. • On Gemini 12 (November 1966), Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin spent over five hours working comfortably during three (EVA) sessions, finally proving that humans could perform productive tasks outside their spacecraft.<br/>11. (This proved to be the most difficult goal to achieve.<br/>12. )<br/><br/>13. Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions.</br>14. In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts who would be chosen to fly the Apollo lunar missions.<br/> |
| DNA-Genetic_engineering | 3 | Category: Science<br/>Title: DNA<br/>Section: Genetic engineering<br/><br/>1. Uses in technology.Genetic engineering.Methods have been developed to purify DNA from organisms, such as phenol-chloroform extraction, and to manipulate it in the laboratory, such as restriction digests and the polymerase chain reaction.<br/>2. Modern biology and biochemistry make intensive use of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology.<br/>3. <strike>Recombinant DNA is a man-made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences.</strike><br/>4. They can be transformed into organisms in the form of plasmids or in the appropriate format, by using a viral vector.<br/>5. The genetically modified organisms produced can be used to produce products such as recombinant proteins, used in medical research, or be grown in agriculture.<br/> |
| Climate_change-Sea_level_change | 3 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Climate change<br/>Section: Sea level change<br/><br/>1. Global sea level change for much of the last century has generally been estimated using tide gauge measurements collated over long periods of time to give a long-term average.<br/>2. More recently, altimeter measurements — in combination with accurately determined satellite orbits — have provided an improved measurement of global sea level change.<br/>3. <strike>To measure sea levels prior to instrumental measurements, scientists have dated coral reefs that grow near the surface of the ocean, coastal sediments, marine terraces, ooids in limestones, and nearshore archaeological remains.</strike><br/>4. The predominant dating methods used are uranium series and radiocarbon, with cosmogenic radionuclides being sometimes used to date terraces that have experienced relative sea level fall.<br/>5. In the early Pliocene, global temperatures were 1–2˚C warmer than the present temperature, yet sea level was 15–25 meters higher than today.<br/> |
| Stem_cell-Abstract | 2 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Stem cell<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells.<br/>2. <strike>They are found in multicellular organisms.</strike><br/>3. In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues.<br/>4. In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues.<br/>5. In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm (see induced pluripotent stem cells)—but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.There are three accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans:<br/>6. • Bone marrow, which requires extraction by 'harvesting', that is, drilling into bone (typically the femur or iliac crest),<br/>7. • Adipose tissue (lipid cells), which requires extraction by liposuction, and<br/>8. • Blood, which requires extraction through apheresis, wherein blood is drawn from the donor (similar to a blood donation), and passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor.<br/><br/>9. Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth.</br>10. Of all stem cell types, autologous harvesting involves the least risk.<br/>11. By definition, autologous cells are obtained from one's own body, just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures.Adult stem cells are frequently used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation.<br/>12. Stem cells can now be artificially grown and transformed (differentiated) into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves.<br/>13. Embryonic cell lines and autologous embryonic stem cells generated through therapeutic cloning have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies.<br/>14. Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s.<br/> |
| Cloning-Organism_cloning | 6 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Cloning<br/>Section: Organism cloning<br/><br/>1. Organism cloning (also called reproductive cloning) refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another.<br/>2. In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place.<br/>3. Asexual reproduction is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species, including most plants (see vegetative reproduction) and some insects.<br/>4. Scientists have made some major achievements with cloning, including the asexual reproduction of sheep and cows.<br/>5. There is a lot of ethical debate over whether or not cloning should be used.<br/>6. <strike>However, cloning, or asexual propagation, has been common practice in the horticultural world for hundreds of years.</strike><br/> |
| Global_warming-Food_security | 3 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Global warming<br/>Section: Food security<br/><br/>1. Under present trends, by 2030, maize production in Southern Africa could decrease by up to 30%, while rice, millet and maize in South Asia could decrease by up to 10%.<br/>2. By 2080, yields in developing countries could decrease by 10% to 25% on average while India could see a drop of 30% to 40%.<br/>3. <strike>By 2100, while the population of three billion is expected to double, rice and maize yields in the tropics are expected to decrease by 20–40% because of higher temperatures without accounting for the decrease in yields as a result of soil moisture and water supplies stressed by rising temperatures.Future warming of around (by 2100, relative to 1990–2000) could result in increased crop yields in mid- and high-latitude areas, but in low-latitude areas, yields could decline, increasing the risk of malnutrition.</strike><br/>4. A similar regional pattern of net benefits and costs could occur for economic (market-sector) effects.<br/>5. Warming above could result in crop yields falling in temperate regions, leading to a reduction in global food production.<br/> |
| Periodic_table-Blocks | 1 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Periodic table<br/>Section: Blocks<br/><br/>1. <strike>The different regions of the periodic table are sometimes referred to as 'blocks' in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled.</strike><br/>2. Each block is named according to the subshell in which the 'last' electron notionally resides.<br/>3. The s-block comprises the first two groups (alkali metals and alkaline earth metals) as well as hydrogen and helium.<br/>4. The p-block comprises the last six groups which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC (3A to 8A in American) and contains, among other elements, all of the metalloids.<br/>5. The d-block comprises groups 3 to 12 in IUPAC (or 3B to 2B in American group numbering) and contains all of the transition metals.<br/>6. The f-block, usually offset below the rest of the periodic table, comprises the lanthanides and actinides.<br/> |
| Physics-Abstract | 4 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Physics<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. Physics (from , from 'phúsis' 'nature') is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force.<br/>2. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.<br/>3. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right.<br/>4. <strike>Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined.</strike><br/>5. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs.<br/>6. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.<br/> |
| Biology-Ecological_and_environmental | 1 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Biology<br/>Section: Ecological and environmental<br/><br/>1. <strike>Ecology studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment.</strike><br/>2. The habitat of an organism can be described as the local abiotic factors such as climate and ecology, in addition to the other organisms and biotic factors that share its environment.<br/>3. One reason that biological systems can be difficult to study is that so many different interactions with other organisms and the environment are possible, even on small scales.<br/>4. A microscopic bacterium in a local sugar gradient is responding to its environment as much as a lion searching for food in the African savanna.<br/>5. For any species, behaviors can be co-operative, competitive, parasitic, or symbiotic.<br/>6. Matters become more complex when two or more species interact in an ecosystem.Ecological systems are studied at several different levels, from individuals and populations to ecosystems and the biosphere.<br/>7. The term population biology is often used interchangeably with population ecology, although 'population biology' is more frequently used when studying diseases, viruses, and microbes, while population ecology is more commonly used when studying plants and animals.<br/>8. Ecology draws on many subdisciplines.Ethology studies animal behavior (particularly that of social animals such as primates and canids), and is sometimes considered a branch of zoology.<br/>9. Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection.<br/>10. In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book,'The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals,' influenced many ethologists to come.Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of organisms on the Earth, focusing on topics like plate tectonics, climate change, dispersal and migration, and cladistics.<br/> |
| Evolution-Biased_mutation | 8 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Evolution<br/>Section: Biased mutation<br/><br/>1. In addition to being a major source of variation, mutation may also function as a mechanism of evolution when there are different probabilities at the molecular level for different mutations to occur, a process known as mutation bias.<br/>2. If two genotypes, for example one with the nucleotide G and another with the nucleotide A in the same position, have the same fitness, but mutation from G to A happens more often than mutation from A to G, then genotypes with A will tend to evolve.<br/>3. Different insertion vs. deletion mutation biases in different taxa can lead to the evolution of different genome sizes.<br/>4. Developmental or mutational biases have also been observed in morphological evolution.<br/>5. For example, according to the phenotype-first theory of evolution, mutations can eventually cause the genetic assimilation of traits that were previously induced by the environment.Mutation bias effects are superimposed on other processes.<br/>6. If selection would favor either one out of two mutations, but there is no extra advantage to having both, then the mutation that occurs the most frequently is the one that is most likely to become fixed in a population.<br/>7. Mutations leading to the loss of function of a gene are much more common than mutations that produce a new, fully functional gene.<br/>8. <strike>Most loss of function mutations are selected against.</strike><br/>9. But when selection is weak, mutation bias towards loss of function can affect evolution.<br/>10. For example, pigments are no longer useful when animals live in the darkness of caves, and tend to be lost.<br/>11. This kind of loss of function can occur because of mutation bias, and/or because the function had a cost, and once the benefit of the function disappeared, natural selection leads to the loss.<br/>12. Loss of sporulation ability in a bacterium during laboratory evolution appears to have been caused by mutation bias, rather than natural selection against the cost of maintaining sporulation ability.<br/>13. When there is no selection for loss of function, the speed at which loss evolves depends more on the mutation rate than it does on the effective population size, indicating that it is driven more by mutation bias than by genetic drift.<br/> |
| Anatomy-Bird_anatomy | 12 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Anatomy<br/>Section: Bird anatomy<br/><br/>1. Birds are tetrapods but though their hind limbs are used for walking or hopping, their front limbs are wings covered with feathers and adapted for flight.<br/>2. Birds are endothermic, have a high metabolic rate, a light skeletal system and powerful muscles.<br/>3. The long bones are thin, hollow and very light.<br/>4. Air sac extensions from the lungs occupy the centre of some bones.<br/>5. The sternum is wide and usually has a keel and the caudal vertebrae are fused.<br/>6. There are no teeth and the narrow jaws are adapted into a horn-covered beak.<br/>7. The eyes are relatively large, particularly in nocturnal species such as owls.<br/>8. They face forwards in predators and sideways in ducks.The feathers are outgrowths of the epidermis and are found in localized bands from where they fan out over the skin.<br/>9. Large flight feathers are found on the wings and tail, contour feathers cover the bird's surface and fine down occurs on young birds and under the contour feathers of water birds.<br/>10. The only cutaneous gland is the single uropygial gland near the base of the tail.<br/>11. This produces an oily secretion that waterproofs the feathers when the bird preens.<br/>12. <strike>There are scales on the legs and feet and claws on the tips of the toes.</strike><br/> |
| Astrology-Mediaeval_objections | 2 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Astrology<br/>Section: Mediaeval objections<br/><br/>1. In the seventh century, Isidore of Seville argued in his 'Etymologiae' that astronomy described the movements of the heavens, while astrology had two parts: one was scientific, describing the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars, while the other, making predictions, was theologically erroneous.<br/>2. <strike>In contrast, John Gower in the fourteenth century defined astrology as essentially limited to the making of predictions.</strike><br/>3. The influence of the stars was in turn divided into natural astrology, with for example effects on tides and the growth of plants, and judicial astrology, with supposedly predictable effects on people.<br/>4. The fourteenth century skeptic Nicole Oresme however included astronomy as a part of astrology in his 'Livre de divinacions'.<br/>5. Oresme argued that current approaches to prediction of events such as plagues, wars, and weather were inappropriate, but that such prediction was a valid field of inquiry.<br/>6. However, he attacked the use of astrology to choose the timing of actions (so-called interrogation and election) as wholly false, and rejected the determination of human action by the stars on grounds of free will.<br/>7. The friar Laurens Pignon (c. 1368–1449) similarly rejected all forms of divination and determinism, including by the stars, in his 1411 'Contre les Devineurs'.<br/>8. This was in opposition to the tradition carried by the Arab astronomer Albumasar (787-886) whose 'Introductorium in Astronomiam' and 'De Magnis Coniunctionibus' argued the view that both individual actions and larger scale history are determined by the stars.<br/> |
| Solar_System-Venus | 3 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Solar System<br/>Section: Venus<br/><br/>1. • Venus (0.7 AU from the Sun) is close in size to Earth (0.815 Earth masses) and, like Earth, has a thick silicate mantle around an iron core, a substantial atmosphere, and evidence of internal geological activity.<br/>2. It is much drier than Earth, and its atmosphere is ninety times as dense.<br/>3. <strike>Venus has no natural satellites.</strike><br/>4. It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752°F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.<br/>5. No definitive evidence of current geological activity has been detected on Venus, but it has no magnetic field that would prevent depletion of its substantial atmosphere, which suggests that its atmosphere is frequently replenished by volcanic eruptions.<br/> |
| NASA-Project_Apollo_(1961–72) | 10 | Category: Science<br/>Title: NASA<br/>Section: Project Apollo (1961–72)<br/><br/>1. Project Apollo (1961–72).The U.S public's perception of the Soviet lead in putting the first man in space, motivated President John F. Kennedy to ask the Congress on May 25, 1961 to commit the federal government to a program to land a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which effectively launched the Apollo program.Apollo was one of the most expensive American scientific programs ever.<br/>2. It is estimated to have cost $ in present-day US dollars.<br/>3. (In comparison, the Manhattan Project cost roughly $, accounting for inflation.<br/>4. )It used the Saturn rockets as launch vehicles, which were far bigger than the rockets built for previous projects.<br/>5. The spacecraft was also bigger; it had two main parts, the combined command and service module (CSM) and the lunar landing module (LM).<br/>6. The LM was to be left on the Moon and only the command module (CM) containing the three astronauts would eventually return to Earth.The second manned mission, Apollo 8, brought astronauts for the first time in a flight around the Moon in December 1968.<br/>7. Shortly before, the Soviets had sent an unmanned spacecraft around the Moon.<br/>8. On the next two missions docking maneuvers that were needed for the Moon landing were practiced and then finally the Moon landing was made on the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969.The first person to stand on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who was followed by Buzz Aldrin, while Michael Collins orbited above.<br/>9. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972.<br/>10. <strike>Throughout these six Apollo spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon.</strike><br/>11. These missions returned a wealth of scientific data and of lunar samples.<br/>12. Topics covered by experiments performed included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismology, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind.<br/>13. The Moon landing marked the end of the space race and as a gesture, Armstrong mentioned mankind when he stepped down on the Moon.Apollo set major milestones in human spaceflight.<br/>14. It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit, and landing humans on another celestial body.<br/>15. Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while Apollo 17 marked the last moonwalk and the last manned mission beyond low Earth orbit.<br/>16. The program spurred advances in many areas of technology peripheral to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.<br/>17. Apollo sparked interest in many fields of engineering and left many physical facilities and machines developed for the program as landmarks.<br/>18. Many objects and artifacts from the program are on display at various locations throughout the world, notably at the Smithsonian's Air and Space Museums.<br/> |
| RNA-Double-stranded_RNA | 1 | Category: Science<br/>Title: RNA<br/>Section: Double-stranded RNA<br/><br/>1. <strike>Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is RNA with two complementary strands, similar to the DNA found in all cells.</strike><br/>2. dsRNA forms the genetic material of some viruses (double-stranded RNA viruses).<br/>3. Double-stranded RNA such as viral RNA or siRNA can trigger RNA interference in eukaryotes, as well as interferon response in vertebrates.<br/> |
| Virus-Bacterial_viruses | 6 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Virus<br/>Section: Bacterial viruses<br/><br/>1. Bacteriophages are a common and diverse group of viruses and are the most abundant form of biological entity in aquatic environments – there are up to ten times more of these viruses in the oceans than there are bacteria, reaching levels of 250,000,000 bacteriophages per millilitre of seawater.<br/>2. These viruses infect specific bacteria by binding to surface receptor molecules and then entering the cell.<br/>3. Within a short amount of time, in some cases just minutes, bacterial polymerase starts translating viral mRNA into protein.<br/>4. These proteins go on to become either new virions within the cell, helper proteins, which help assembly of new virions, or proteins involved in cell lysis.<br/>5. Viral enzymes aid in the breakdown of the cell membrane, and, in the case of the T4 phage, in just over twenty minutes after injection over three hundred phages could be released.The major way bacteria defend themselves from bacteriophages is by producing enzymes that destroy foreign DNA.<br/>6. <strike>These enzymes, called restriction endonucleases, cut up the viral DNA that bacteriophages inject into bacterial cells.</strike><br/>7. Bacteria also contain a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of viruses that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block the virus's replication through a form of RNA interference.<br/>8. This genetic system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection.<br/> |
| Bacteria-DNA_transfer | 15 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Bacteria<br/>Section: DNA transfer<br/><br/>1. Some bacteria also transfer genetic material between cells.<br/>2. This can occur in three main ways.<br/>3. First, bacteria can take up exogenous DNA from their environment, in a process called transformation.<br/>4. Genes can also be transferred by the process of transduction, when the integration of a bacteriophage introduces foreign DNA into the chromosome.<br/>5. The third method of gene transfer is conjugation, whereby DNA is transferred through direct cell contact.Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation.<br/>6. Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring copies of the plasmid from one bacterial host to another.<br/>7. It is seldom that a conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfers part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium.<br/>8. Plasmid-mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.Transformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer.<br/>9. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state termed competence (see Natural competence).<br/>10. In 'Bacillus subtilis' about 40 genes are required for the development of competence.<br/>11. The length of DNA transferred during 'B. subtilis' transformation can be between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome.<br/>12. Transformation appears to be common among bacterial species, and thus far at least 60 species are known to have the natural ability to become competent for transformation.<br/>13. The development of competence in nature is usually associated with stressful environmental conditions, and seems to be an adaptation for facilitating repair of DNA damage in recipient cells.In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance.<br/>14. In such cases, gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment is called horizontal gene transfer and may be common under natural conditions.<br/>15. <strike>Gene transfer is particularly important in antibiotic resistance as it allows the rapid transfer of resistance genes between different pathogens.</strike><br/> |
| Yeast-Wine | 12 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Yeast<br/>Section: Wine<br/><br/>1. Yeast is used in winemaking, where it converts the sugars present in grape juice (must) into ethanol.<br/>2. Yeast is normally already present on grape skins.<br/>3. Fermentation can be done with this endogenous 'wild yeast,' but this procedure gives unpredictable results, which depend upon the exact types of yeast species present.<br/>4. For this reason, a pure yeast culture is usually added to the must; this yeast quickly dominates the fermentation.<br/>5. The wild yeasts are repressed, which ensures a reliable and predictable fermentation.Most added wine yeasts are strains of 'S. cerevisiae', though not all strains of the species are suitable.<br/>6. Different 'S. cerevisiae' yeast strains have differing physiological and fermentative properties, therefore the actual strain of yeast selected can have a direct impact on the finished wine.<br/>7. Significant research has been undertaken into the development of novel wine yeast strains that produce atypical flavour profiles or increased complexity in wines.The growth of some yeasts, such as 'Zygosaccharomyces' and 'Brettanomyces', in wine can result in wine faults and subsequent spoilage.<br/>8. 'Brettanomyces' produces an array of metabolites when growing in wine, some of which are volatile phenolic compounds.<br/>9. Together, these compounds are often referred to as 'Brettanomyces' character', and are often described as 'antiseptic' or 'barnyard' type aromas.<br/>10. 'Brettanomyces' is a significant contributor to wine faults within the wine industry.Researchers from University of British Columbia, Canada, have found a new strain of yeast that has reduced amines.<br/>11. The amines in red wine and Chardonnay produce off-flavors and cause headaches and hypertension in some people.<br/>12. <strike>About 30% of people are sensitive to biogenic amines, such as histamines.</strike><br/> |
| Microscope-Rise_of_modern_light_microscopy | 5 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Microscope<br/>Section: Rise of modern light microscopy<br/><br/>1. The first detailed account of the interior construction of living tissue based on the use of a microscope did not appear until 1644, in Giambattista Odierna's 'L'occhio della mosca', or 'The Fly's Eye'.It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used extensively for research in Italy, The Netherlands and England.<br/>2. Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis of biological structures beginning with the lungs.<br/>3. Robert Hooke's 'Micrographia' had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations.<br/>4. The greatest contribution came from Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who discovered red blood cells and spermatozoa and helped popularise microscopy as a technique.<br/>5. <strike>On 9 October 1676, Van Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-organisms.In 1893 August Köhler developed a key technique for sample illumination, Köhler illumination, which is central to modern light microscopy.</strike><br/>6. This method of sample illumination gives rise to extremely even lighting and overcomes many limitations of older techniques of sample illumination.<br/>7. Further developments in sample illumination came from Frits Zernike in 1953 for inventing Phase Contrast, and Georges Nomarski 1955 for his development of differential interference contrast illumination; both of which allow imaging of unstained, transparent samples.<br/> |
| Telescope-Types_of_mount | 1 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Telescope<br/>Section: Types of mount<br/><br/>1. <strike>A telescope mount is a mechanical structure which supports a telescope.</strike><br/>2. Telescope mounts are designed to support the mass of the telescope and allow for accurate pointing of the instrument.<br/>3. Many sorts of mounts have been developed over the years, with the majority of effort being put into systems that can track the motion of the stars as the Earth rotates.<br/>4. The two main types of tracking mount are:<br/>5. • Altazimuth mount<br/>6. • Equatorial mount<br/> |
| Black_hole-X-ray_binaries | 1 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Black hole<br/>Section: X-ray binaries<br/><br/>1. <strike>X-ray binaries are binary star systems that are luminous in the X-ray part of the spectrum.</strike><br/>2. These X-ray emissions are generally thought to be caused by one of the component stars being a compact object accreting matter from the other (regular) star.<br/>3. The presence of an ordinary star in such a system provides a unique opportunity for studying the central object and determining if it might be a black hole.If such a system emits signals that can be directly traced back to the compact object, it cannot be a black hole.<br/>4. The absence of such a signal does, however, not exclude the possibility that the compact object is a neutron star.<br/>5. By studying the companion star it is often possible to obtain the orbital parameters of the system and obtain an estimate for the mass of the compact object.<br/>6. If this is much larger than the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (that is, the maximum mass a neutron star can have before collapsing) then the object cannot be a neutron star and is generally expected to be a black hole.The first strong candidate for a black hole, Cygnus X-1, was discovered in this way by Charles Thomas Bolton, Louise Webster and Paul Murdin in 1972.<br/>7. Some doubt, however, remained due to the uncertainties resultant from the companion star being much heavier than the candidate black hole.<br/>8. Currently, better candidates for black holes are found in a class of X-ray binaries called soft X-ray transients.<br/>9. In this class of system the companion star is relatively low mass allowing for more accurate estimates in the black hole mass.<br/>10. Moreover, these systems are only active in X-ray for several months once every 10–50 years.<br/>11. During the period of low X-ray emission (called quiescence), the accretion disc is extremely faint allowing for detailed observation of the companion star during this period.<br/>12. One of the best such candidates is V404 Cyg.<br/> |
| Nebula-Abstract | 1 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Nebula<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. <strike>A nebula (from Latin: 'cloud'; pl.</strike><br/>2. 'nebulae' or 'nebulæ', with ligature, or 'nebulas') is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases.<br/>3. Originally,'nebula' was a name for any diffuse astronomical object, including galaxies beyond the Milky Way.<br/>4. The Andromeda Galaxy, for instance, was referred to as the 'Andromeda Nebula' (and spiral galaxies in general as 'spiral nebulae') before the true nature of galaxies was confirmed in the early 20th century by Vesto Slipher, Edwin Hubble and others.<br/>5. Nebulae are often star-forming regions, such as in the Eagle Nebula.<br/>6. This nebula is depicted in one of NASA's most famous images, the 'Pillars of Creation'.<br/>7. In these regions the formations of gas, dust, and other materials 'clump' together to form larger masses, which attract further matter, and eventually will become massive enough to form stars.<br/>8. The remaining materials are then believed to form planets, and other planetary system objects.<br/> |
| Aurora-Forms_and_magnetism | 8, 9 | Category: Science<br/>Title: Aurora<br/>Section: Forms and magnetism<br/><br/>1. Typically the aurora appears either as a diffuse glow or as 'curtains' that approximately extend in the east-west direction.<br/>2. At some times, they form 'quiet arcs'; at others ('active aurora'), they evolve and change constantly.<br/>3. Each curtain consists of many parallel rays, each lined up with the local direction of the magnetic field lines, suggesting that auroras are shaped by Earth's magnetic field.<br/>4. Indeed, satellites show that electrons are guided by magnetic field lines, spiraling around them while moving toward Earth.The similarity to curtains is often enhanced by folds called 'striations'.<br/>5. When the field line guiding a bright auroral patch leads to a point directly above the observer, the aurora may appear as a 'corona' of diverging rays, an effect of perspective.Although it was first mentioned by Ancient Greek explorer/geographer Pytheas, Hiorter and Celsius first described in 1741 evidence for magnetic control, namely, large magnetic fluctuations occurred whenever the aurora was observed overhead.<br/>6. This indicates (it was later realized) that large electric currents were associated with the aurora, flowing in the region where auroral light originated.<br/>7. Kristian Birkeland (1908) deduced that the currents flowed in the east-west directions along the auroral arc, and such currents, flowing from the dayside toward (approximately) midnight were later named 'auroral electrojets' (see also Birkeland currents).Still more evidence for a magnetic connection are the statistics of auroral observations.<br/>8. <strike>Elias Loomis (1860) and later in more detail Hermann Fritz (1881) and S. Tromholt (1882) established that the aurora appeared mainly in the 'auroral zone', a ring-shaped region with a radius of approximately 2500 km around Earth's magnetic pole.</strike><br/>9. <strike>It was hardly ever seen near the geographic pole, which is about 2000 km away from the magnetic pole.</strike><br/>10. The instantaneous distribution of auroras ('auroral oval') is slightly different, centered about 3–5 degrees nightward of the magnetic pole, so that auroral arcs reach furthest toward the equator about an hour before midnight.<br/>11. The aurora can be seen best at this time, called magnetic midnight, which occurs when an observer, the magnetic pole in question and the Sun are in alignment.In the 1970s, astrophysicist Joan Feynman deduced that auroras are a product of the interaction between the Earth's magnetosphere and the magnetic field of the solar wind.<br/>12. Her work resulted from data collected by the Explorer 33 spacecraft.On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms.<br/>13. Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification.<br/>14. Dr. Vassilis Angelopoulos of the University of California, Los Angeles, the principal investigator for the THEMIS mission, claimed,'Our data show clearly and for the first time that magnetic reconnection is the trigger.'<br/> |
| Taco-Crispy_tacos | 5 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Taco<br/>Section: Crispy tacos<br/><br/>1. A mostly California variation where the (sometimes over-sized) corn tortilla is fried or deep-fried in oil (originally, lard).<br/>2. The meat can be anything, such as ground beef, steak, shredded beef, chicken or pork (carnitas).<br/>3. Ground beef is generally diluted with refried bean paste and/or potato, and heavily seasoned.<br/>4. Steak will usually be heavily chili-marinated, diced beef tip ('asada').<br/>5. <strike>The meat is generally topped with jack and/or cheddar cheese, lettuce and tomato (and sometimes avocado and/or sour cream), with salsa on top.</strike><br/> |
| Hamburger-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland | 5 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Hamburger<br/>Section: United Kingdom and Ireland<br/><br/>1. Hamburgers in the UK and Ireland are very similar to their US cousins, and the High Street is dominated by the same big two chains as in the U.S. — McDonald's and Burger King.<br/>2. The menus offered to both countries are virtually identical, although portion sizes tend to be smaller in the UK.<br/>3. In Ireland the food outlet Supermacs is widespread throughout the country serving burgers as part of its menu.<br/>4. In Ireland, Abrakebabra (started out selling kebabs) and Eddie Rocket's are also major chains.An original and indigenous rival to the big two U.S. giants was the quintessentially British fast-food chain Wimpy, originally known as Wimpy Bar (opened 1954 at the Lyon’s Corner House in Coventry Street London), which served its hamburgers on a plate with British-style chips, accompanied by cutlery and delivered to the customer's table.<br/>5. <strike>In the late 1970s, to compete with McDonald's, Wimpy began to open American-style counter-service restaurants and the brand disappeared from many UK high streets when those restaurants were re-branded as Burger Kings between 1989–90 by the then-owner of both brands, Grand Metropolitan.</strike><br/>6. A management buyout in 1990 split the brands again and now Wimpy table-service restaurants can still be found in many town centers whilst new counter-service Wimpys are now often found at motorway service stations.Hamburgers are also available from mobile kiosks, particularly at outdoor events such as football matches.<br/>7. Burgers from this type of outlet are usually served without any form of salad — only fried onions and a choice of tomato ketchup, mustard or brown sauce.Chip shops, particularly in the West Midlands, North-East, Scotland and Ireland, serve battered hamburgers called batter burgers.<br/>8. This is where the burger patty, by itself, is deep-fat-fried in batter and is usually served with chips.Hamburgers and veggie burgers served with chips and salad, are standard pub grub menu items.<br/>9. Many pubs specialize in 'gourmet' burgers.<br/>10. These are usually high quality minced steak patties, topped with items such as blue cheese, brie, avocado et cetera.<br/>11. Some British pubs serve burger patties made from more exotic meats including venison burgers (sometimes nicknamed Bambi Burgers), bison burgers, ostrich burgers and in some Australian themed pubs even kangaroo burgers can be purchased.<br/>12. These burgers are served in a similar way to the traditional hamburger but are sometimes served with a different sauce including redcurrant sauce, mint sauce and plum sauce.In the early 21st century 'premium' hamburger chain and independent restaurants have arisen, selling burgers produced from meat stated to be of high quality and often organic, usually served to eat on the premises rather than to take away.<br/>13. Chains include Gourmet Burger Kitchen, Ultimate Burger, Hamburger Union and Byron Hamburgers in London.<br/>14. Independent restaurants such as Meatmarket and Dirty Burger developed a style of rich, juicy burger in 2012 which is known as a 'dirty burger' or 'third-wave burger'.In recent years Rustlers has sold pre-cooked hamburgers re-heat able in a microwave oven in the United Kingdom.In the UK, as in North America and Japan, the term 'burger' can refer simply to the patty, be it beef, some other kind of meat, or vegetarian.<br/> |
| French_fries-Frozen_fries | 3 | Category: Food<br/>Title: French fries<br/>Section: Frozen fries<br/><br/>1. Spreading popularity.Frozen fries.The J. R. Simplot Company is credited with successfully commercializing French fries in frozen form during the 1940s.<br/>2. Subsequently, in 1967, Ray Kroc of McDonald's contracted the Simplot company to supply them with frozen fries, replacing fresh-cut potatoes.In 2004, 29% of the United States' potato crop were used to make frozen fries – 90% consumed by the food services sector and 10% by retail.<br/>3. <strike>It is estimated that 80% of households in the UK buy frozen fries each year.Canada's McCain Foods is the world's leading producer of frozen fries.</strike><br/> |
| Sausage-China | 1 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Sausage<br/>Section: China<br/><br/>1. <strike>Asia.China.A European-like-style smoked savory 'hóng cháng' (红肠 'red sausage') is produced in Harbin, China's northernmost major city.</strike><br/>2. It is another notable product similar to Lithuanian and Polish sausages including kiełbasa and 'podhalańska', in that they tend to be of a much more European flavours than other Chinese sausages.<br/>3. This kind of sausage was first produced in a Russian-capitalized factory named Churin sausage factory in 1909, Since then Harbin style sausage become popular in China, especially in northern regions.Lap cheong (also lap chong, lap chung, lop chong) are dried pork sausages that look and feel like pepperoni, but are much sweeter.<br/>4. In southwestern China, sausages are flavored with salt, red pepper and wild pepper.<br/>5. People often cure sausages by smoking and air drying.<br/> |
| Bacon-Nutrients | 2 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Bacon<br/>Section: Nutrients<br/><br/>1. One rasher of cooked streaky bacon contains of fat, and of protein.<br/>2. <strike>Four pieces of bacon can also contain up to 800 mg of sodium, which is roughly equivalent to 1.92 grams of salt.</strike><br/>3. The fat and protein content varies depending on the cut and cooking method.68% of bacon's calories come from fat, almost half of which are saturated.<br/>4. Each ounce of bacon contains 30 milligrams of cholesterol.<br/> |
| Kebab-Abstract | 3 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Kebab<br/>Section: Abstract<br/><br/>1. Kebab (also kebap or kabab) is a Middle Eastern dish of pieces of meat, fish, or vegetables roasted or grilled on a skewer or spit originating in the Middle East, whereas in Europe it refers to doner kebab, sliced meat served in a pita.<br/>2. In the Middle East, however, kebab refers to meat that is cooked over or next to flames; large or small cuts of meat, or even ground meat; it may be served on plates, in sandwiches, or in bowls.<br/>3. <strike>The traditional meat for kebab is lamb, but depending on local tastes and religious prohibitions, other meats may include beef, goat, chicken, pork or fish.</strike><br/>4. Like other ethnic foods brought by travellers, the kebab has remained a part of everyday cuisine in most of the Eastern Mediterranean and South Asia.<br/>5. It is also popular among Western youth as a snack after a night-out.<br/> |
| Ramen-Canned_version | 4 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Ramen<br/>Section: Canned version<br/><br/>1. In Akihabara, vending machines distribute warm ramen in a steel can, known as .<br/>2. It is produced by a popular ramen restaurant and contains noodles, soup, menma, and pork.<br/>3. It is intended as a quick snack, and includes a small folded plastic fork.<br/>4. <strike>There are few kinds of flavor such as 'tonkotsu' and curry.</strike><br/> |
| Udon-Dishes | 1 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Udon<br/>Section: Dishes<br/><br/>1. <strike>Like many Japanese noodles, udon noodles are served chilled in the summer and hot in the winter.</strike><br/>2. Toppings are chosen to reflect the seasons.<br/>3. Most toppings are added without much cooking, although some are deep-fried.<br/>4. Many of these dishes may also be prepared with soba.<br/> |
| Rice-Caribbean_and_Latin_America | 1 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Rice<br/>Section: Caribbean and Latin America<br/><br/>1. <strike>Rice is not native to the Americas but was introduced to Latin America and the Caribbean by European colonizers at an early date with Spanish colonizers introducing Asian rice to Mexico in the 1520s at Veracruz and the Portuguese and their African slaves introducing it at about the same time to Colonial Brazil.</strike><br/>2. Recent scholarship suggests that enslaved Africans played an active role in the establishment of rice in the New World and that African rice was an important crop from an early period.<br/>3. Varieties of rice and bean dishes that were a staple dish along the peoples of West Africa remained a staple among their descendants subjected to slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, Brazil and elsewhere in the Americas.The Native Americans of what is now the Eastern United States may have practiced extensive agriculture with forms of wild rice.<br/> |
| Steak-Rib_steak | 1 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Steak<br/>Section: Rib steak<br/><br/>1. <strike>A rib steak is a beef steak sliced from the rib primal of a beef animal, with rib bone attached.</strike><br/>2. In the United States, the term rib eye steak is used for a rib steak with the bone removed; however in some areas, and outside the U.S., the terms are often used interchangeably.<br/>3. The rib eye or 'ribeye' was originally, as the name implies, the center best portion of the rib steak, without the bone.<br/> |
| Salad-History | 2 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Salad<br/>Section: History<br/><br/>1. The Romans and ancient Greeks ate mixed greens with dressing.<br/>2. <strike>In his 1699 book,'Acetaria: A Discourse on Sallets', John Evelyn attempted with little success to encourage his fellow Britons to eat fresh salad greens.</strike><br/>3. Mary, Queen of Scots, ate boiled celery root over greens covered with creamy mustard dressing, truffles, chervil, and slices of hard-boiled eggs.The United States popularized mixed greens salads in the late 19th century; other regions of the world adopted them throughout the second half of the 20th century.<br/>4. From Europe and the Americas to China, Japan, and Australia, salads are sold in supermarkets, at restaurants and at fast food chains.<br/>5. In the US market, restaurants will often have a 'Salad Bar' laid out with salad-making ingredients, which the customers will use to put together their salad.<br/> |
| Popcorn-Popping_mechanism | 1 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Popcorn<br/>Section: Popping mechanism<br/><br/>1. <strike>Each kernel of popcorn contains a certain amount of moisture and oil.</strike><br/>2. Unlike most other grains, the outer hull of the popcorn kernel is both strong and impervious to moisture and the starch inside consists almost entirely of a hard, dense type.As the oil and the water around the kernel are heated, they turn the moisture in the kernel, which has a moisture-proof hull, into a superheated pressurized steam.<br/>3. Under these conditions, the starch inside the kernel gelatinizes, softens, and becomes pliable.<br/>4. The pressure continues to increase until the breaking point of the hull is reached: a pressure of about and a temperature of .<br/>5. The hull ruptures rapidly, causing a sudden drop in pressure inside the kernel and a corresponding rapid expansion of the steam, which expands the starch and proteins of the endosperm into airy foam.<br/>6. As the foam rapidly cools, the starch and protein polymers set into the familiar crispy puff.<br/>7. Special varieties are grown to give improved popping yield.<br/>8. Some wild types will pop, but the cultivated strain is 'Zea mays everta', which is a special kind of flint corn.<br/> |
| Cake-Cake_flour | 2 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Cake<br/>Section: Cake flour<br/><br/>1. flour.Special cake flour with a high starch-to-gluten ratio is made from fine-textured, soft, low-protein wheat.<br/>2. <strike>It is strongly bleached, and compared to all-purpose flour, cake flour tends to result in cakes with a lighter, less dense texture.</strike><br/>3. Therefore, it is frequently specified or preferred in cakes meant to be soft, light, and or bright white, such as angel food cake.<br/>4. However, if cake flour is called for, a substitute can be made by replacing a small percentage of all-purpose flour with cornstarch or removing two tablespoons from each cup of all-purpose flour.<br/>5. Some recipes explicitly specify or permit all-purpose flour, notably where a firmer or denser cake texture is desired.<br/> |
| Ice_cream-Ice_cream_cone | 3 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Ice cream<br/>Section: Ice cream cone<br/><br/>1. cone.<br/>2. 'Mrs Marshall's Cookery Book,' published in 1888, endorsed serving ice cream in cones, but the idea definitely predated that.<br/>3. <strike>Agnes Marshall was a celebrated cookery writer of her day and helped to popularise ice cream.</strike><br/>4. She patented and manufactured an ice cream maker and was the first person to suggest using liquefied gases to freeze ice cream after seeing a demonstration at the Royal Institution.Reliable evidence proves that ice cream cones were served in the 19th century, and their popularity increased greatly during the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904.<br/>5. According to legend, at the World's Fair an ice cream seller had run out of the cardboard dishes used to put ice cream scoops in, so they could not sell any more produce.<br/>6. Next door to the ice cream booth was a Syrian waffle booth, unsuccessful due to intense heat; the waffle maker offered to make cones by rolling up his waffles and the new product sold well, and was widely copied by other vendors.<br/> |
| Yogurt-Other_fermented_dairy_products | 1 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Yogurt<br/>Section: Other fermented dairy products<br/><br/>1. • <strike> Amasi</strike><br/>2. • Chal<br/>3. • Curd<br/>4. • Filmjölk<br/>5. • Kefir<br/>6. • Kumis<br/>7. • Ryazhenka<br/>8. • Shanklish<br/>9. • Skyr<br/>10. • Smetana<br/>11. • Varenets<br/>12. • Viili<br/> |
| Cheese-Dental_health | 1 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Cheese<br/>Section: Dental health<br/><br/>1. <strike>Some studies claim that cheddar, mozzarella, Swiss and American cheeses can help to prevent tooth decay.</strike><br/>2. Several mechanisms for this protection have been proposed:<br/>3. • The calcium, protein, and phosphorus in cheese may act to protect tooth enamel.<br/>4. • Cheese increases saliva flow, washing away acids and sugars.<br/> |
| Coffee-Commodity | 5 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Coffee<br/>Section: Commodity<br/><br/>1. Coffee is bought and sold by roasters, investors, and price speculators as a tradable commodity in commodity markets and exchange-traded funds.<br/>2. Coffee futures contracts for Grade 3 washed arabicas are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange under ticker symbol KC, with contract deliveries occurring every year in March, May, July, September, and December.<br/>3. Coffee is an example of a product that has been susceptible to significant commodity futures price variations.Higher and lower grade arabica coffees are sold through other channels.<br/>4. Futures contracts for robusta coffee are traded on the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange and, since 2007, on the New York IntercontinentalExchange.<br/>5. <strike>Coffee has been described by many, including historian Mark Pendergrast, as the world's 'second most legally traded commodity.'</strike><br/>6. However, this claim has been recently refuted by Pendergrast among others after further research.<br/> |
| Juice-Juice_bars | 2 | Category: Food<br/>Title: Juice<br/>Section: Juice bars<br/><br/>1. bars.A juice bar is an establishment that primarily serves prepared juice beverages such as freshly squeezed or extracted fruit juices, juice blends, fruit smoothies (a thick fruit drink, often iced), or other juices such as fresh wheatgrass juice.<br/>2. <strike>Sometimes other solid ingredients or nutritional supplements may be added as boosters, such as fresh bananas, eggs, nuts or nut butter, bodybuilding supplements, soy protein powder or others such as whey or hemp protein powders, wheat germ, or Spirulina (dietary supplement) or Chlorella.</strike><br/>3. Also if less juice is used with these same ingredients drinks called health shakes may be produced.Juice bars share some of the characteristics of a coffeehouse, a soda fountain, a café, and a snack bar.Juice bars may be stand alone businesses in cities, or located at gyms, along commuter areas, near lunch time areas, at beaches, and at tourist attractions.In Mexico, juice bars have become more popular in recent times.<br/>4. Mexican juice bars will often sell healthy beverages and snacks that are popular in Mexico.<br/> |
Yes I do.... Back in the early '90's we had purchased heavy dutypecan crackers from a company called Meyer Machine Company that waslocated in San Antonio TX. Still to this day they run as if theywere still brand new! I believe the Meyer Company's pecancracking/shelling product line was bought out by Modern Electronics& Equipment in June of 2000. So I do not think Meyer MachineCompany manufactures these cracking machines any longer. Hope thisanswers your question...
How do you know when a pecan pie is done?
How do you stop cracking your wrists?
Is cracking your toe knuckles harmful?
I know cracking knuckles leads to fat knuckles when older. So cracking toe knuckles can be harmful. Their only good when you crack them while stretching, not for fun
Where is Antonio in Pokemon LeafGreen?
What is a cracking tower used for?
I have a tree but do not know if it is a walnut or pecan tree?
Wait until it fruits - surely you will know then by the type of fruit you see growing on it!
Where can you find Euro pro Sewing Machine parts?
hi GOD bless you i need a power padel cord for a shark automatic sewing machine model 8260 .. would like to know where i can purchase one i live in san antonio, tx 78225
What is a adaptation of a pecan tree?
It adaps in lots of diferent ways. Bet ya didn't Know that YEAHHH
Are pecans floaters in seed dispersal?
No. The seeds of pecan trees are pecan nuts. Anyone who has seen pecan trees know that the nuts fall and pretty much stay where they landed unless moved by wildlife. They may be scattered by animals or collected and buried by squirrels. The nuts are stratified over the winter and early spring at which time the germinate and sprout.
When was antonio mendoza born?
I know Antonio De Mendoza and he was born in 1495.
How do you know when duck eggs are ready to hatch?
How did the state of San Antonio get the name San Antonio?
If you are talking about San Antonio, Texas then it is not a state at all but if this is not what you are talking about then i really don't know
How to identify if the machine is windows virtual machine or a physical machine?
Know the usage to understand if it is virtual machine or a physical machine.
Can you hit a Blitz Ball with a metal bat without it cracking?
Will actually i really dont know but my answer will be no
Dance terms used in Philippine folk dance with picture?
How tall does a hickory tree grow?
we would like to know It depends on which variety it is. Carya ovata. The Shagbark Hickory can grow to 120 feet high. Carya Pecan the Pecan can grow to 160 feet, Carya glabra the Pignut to 120 feet in good conditions.
How does a vending machine know when to give change?
It has sensors to know what you put in the machine and a calculator to give change to you in coins.
Are pecans inelastic or an elastic good?
Try this experiment: Tie a string around two pecans so you have a pecan on both ends. Hold the string in the middle and let one pecan swing into the other. Did it bounce? If it bounced, that was an elastic collision. I don't know about your pecans but my pecans bounce.
How is a compound machine like a complex machine?
What is Antonio Banderas best know for?
How do you know if an egg is fertile without cracking it?
You could take to a lab or a vet they have these special machines that can tell if its fertile or not
How many kids does Antonio Banderas have?
i know he has at least one but i dont know how many
Cobweb in pecan tree?
I don't know if it is bag worms, but the best thing to do is to encapsulate it in a bag, tie it off and throw it away. Then they cannot multiply.
Meyer Pecan Cracker Parts
Is there butter flavored ice cream you know how there is butter pecan and butter almond is there just butter without the nuts?
Will the Dallas Cowboys becom san antonio cowboys?
Not that I know of but i do know they are saying there's going to be The Alamo, San Antonio Football team If its wrong im sorry but that's what i heard
Is a grocery cart a compound machine or a simple machine?
Its a simple machine machine i could see where your coming from thinking it is a compound machine. But i mean it is simple. Now i know a couple stores have compound machine
What side of san antonio does Austin mahone live in?
he lived in the North East of San Antonio, Texas. you probably know by now.
What is a machine gun ammunition?
Did you want to know what calibers were used in machine guns or perhaps what cartridges are for machine guns only.
Who wins the vh1 show your Antonio?
i think its Miranda and don't ask me how i know cause i know
How can you know your wep key whitout changing it?
unmask it on your computer, on the router's control panel, or by cracking it with software such as aircrack-ng
Why do fruit cakes crack in the oven?
I don't know for certain but I would guess as they are heated, they dry out and shrink, causing the cracking.
1970 Chevy pick up no cracking no power no lights but battery is good?
Do you have a test light? Let me know I will tell you what to do.
What language does antonio banderas speak?
Antonio Banderas the actor speaks both English & Spanish. If he speaks another language I don't know about it.
How old is florence and the machine?
Florence Welch( the florence part of florence and the machine) is 24, I don't know how old any of the machine are.
What are the difficulties in writing programs in machine language?
It have so many causes, 1:If someone doesnt know simple language then how he/she will know machine language 2:If someone knows then after it he/she do any error then also machine cant do the same task 3:and finally machine is machine i mean that it cant have sense.it just do what u want but in machine language..........
How do you know if the serpentine belt needs to be changed on 2001 tracker?
Signs of: Cracking Wear Glazing Slippage It is original after 6 years?
How do you know the CV joints are out in a 4x4 pick-up?
You will hear snapping and cracking noises when under acceleration especially when turning.
How about Chinese ice cream machine?
I know a Chinese ice cream machine manufacture called MEHEN FOOD MACHINE MANUFACTURE CO.
Can you get Black Devil Cigarettes in San Antonio?
How were the Indians treated at the San Antonio mission?
When you stop cracking your knuckles does the swelling go down?
I believe the swelling casued by cracking knuckles is just a myth, I have been cracking them and know people who used to do it or still do it, they never noticed any swelling. Actually when you crack knuckles there is hydrogen and some other gas bubble like substance which actually burst and that is how you hear the crack, so I think that has nothing to with Swelling of fingers or toes
download free, software Meyer Pecan Cracker Manual Arts Council
What if you cracked your knuckles?
Cracking your knuckles does not make your knuckles bigger as a common myth says. It simply relieves the air pockets that can accumulate in the knuckles and 'pops' the air bubble. The frequent cracking could possibly lead to arthritis in later age, so it is best to not crack your knuckles. infact im a well trained nurse and just so you know cracking you knuckles is definitely not harmful!!!!!!! xx
What is an example of a programming language that does not require the programmer to know machine language?
C++ and Visual Basic are computer languages that do not require the programmer to know machine language.
What if your ankle cracks all the time when you walk up the stairs or even just walking in general is there a way to reduce the cracking and is it bad for your ankle to be cracking all the time?
Some people just have cracky limbs. There's really nothing you can do to prevent it. Scientists aren't even entirely sure what CAUSES cracking in joints. Scientists might not know what causes them . But I know if you take a good supplement of calcium like (citracal) with magnesium you don't creek as much. O-Mega-3 doesn't hurt either.
A 4 foot tall pecan tree bought from the nursery and planted in your backyard should be more than 15 feet tall after five years Let h equals the height of the pecan tree after five years?
H>15 feet. h is ((less than or equal to)) 15. (I don't know how to make the symbol.) ~ Velodeii
Can a Time machine be made?
What is the value of a 1935 Singer Sewing Machine?
i want to know what my 1935 singer sewing machine is worth
When was the last total solar eclipse in San Antonio Texas?
In San Antonio Texas, I'm not sure. I know that they are visible in Dallas. The last one was in February.
What is reserve machine time?
What does irreverent attack mean?
I don't know, but it's an answer on page 185 in ' Cracking the AP English Language & Composition Exam 2010 Edition